Descripción general

El meduloblastoma es un tumor cerebral canceroso que comienza en la parte posterior e inferior del cerebro. Esta parte del cerebro se conoce como cerebelo. Este está implicado en la coordinación de los músculos, el equilibrio y el movimiento.

El meduloblastoma comienza como una multiplicación de células, lo que se conoce como tumor. Estas células se multiplican rápidamente y pueden diseminarse a otras partes del cerebro. Las células del meduloblastoma tienden a diseminarse a través del líquido que rodea y protege el cerebro y la médula espinal, que se denomina líquido cefalorraquídeo. Los meduloblastomas no suelen diseminarse a otras partes del cuerpo.

El meduloblastoma puede aparecer a cualquier edad, pero es más frecuente en niños pequeños. Aunque el meduloblastoma es poco frecuente, es el tumor cerebral canceroso más visto en los niños. Este tumor a menudo se desarrolla en familias con un historial de afecciones que aumentan el riesgo de padecer cáncer. Entre ellas, se incluyen el síndrome de Gorlin o el síndrome de Turcot.

Los síntomas del meduloblastoma aparecen cuando el tumor crece o causa más presión en el cerebro. Pueden comenzar antes del diagnóstico de cáncer y continuar durante meses o años, incluso después del tratamiento. Los signos y síntomas del meduloblastoma pueden incluir los siguientes:

  • Mareos
  • Visión doble
  • Dolores de cabeza
  • Náuseas
  • Mala coordinación
  • Cansancio
  • Marcha inestable
  • Vómitos

Síntomas

Medulloblastoma symptoms happen when the cancer grows or causes pressure to build up in the brain. Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma may include:

  • Dizziness.
  • Double vision.
  • Headaches.
  • Nausea.
  • Poor coordination.
  • Tiredness.
  • Unsteady walk.
  • Vomiting.

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.

Causas

It's not clear what causes medulloblastoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the brain.

Medulloblastoma happens when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor that can grow to push on nearby structures. The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They also can spread to other areas.

Factores de riesgo

Factors that may increase the risk of medulloblastoma include:

  • Young age. Medulloblastoma can happen at any age. This cancer happens most often in children.
  • Inherited syndromes. Medulloblastoma happens more often in families that have a history of conditions that increase the risk of cancer. These conditions include Fanconi anemia, Gorlin syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and Turcot syndrome.

Dec. 19, 2024

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  1. Childhood medulloblastoma and other central nervous system embryonal tumors treatment (PDQ) — Patient version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  2. Pomeroy SL. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and risk stratification of medulloblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  3. Medulloblastoma — Childhood — Introduction. Cancer.Net. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/medulloblastoma-childhood/view-all. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  4. Pomeroy SL. Treatment and prognosis of medulloblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  5. Pomeroy SL. Histopathology, genetics, and molecular groups of medulloblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.