脑肿瘤

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概述

髓母细胞瘤是一种始于脑部下后方的癌性脑肿瘤。脑部的这一结构称为小脑。小脑参与肌肉协调、平衡和运动。

髓母细胞瘤始于细胞生长（肿瘤）。细胞快速生长后可扩散到脑的其他部位。髓母细胞瘤一般通过围绕和保护脑和脊髓的液体而扩散。这种液体称为脑脊液。髓母细胞瘤通常不会扩散至身体其他部位。

髓母细胞瘤可能发生在任何年龄段，但在幼童中最为常见。虽然髓母细胞瘤较为罕见，但此病也是儿童中最常见的癌性脑肿瘤。髓母细胞瘤更常发生于有特定病史的家庭，这些疾病会增加癌症风险，如 Gorlin 综合征或 Turcot 综合征。

随着肿瘤生长或导致脑内压力增大时，会出现髓母细胞瘤的症状。这些症状可能在癌症确诊前就会出现，并可能在治疗后数月或数年仍然存在。髓母细胞瘤的体征和症状可能包括：

  • 头晕。
  • 复视。
  • 头痛。
  • 恶心。
  • 协调性差。
  • 疲倦。
  • 步态不稳。
  • 呕吐。

症状

Medulloblastoma symptoms happen when the cancer grows or causes pressure to build up in the brain. Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma may include:

  • Dizziness.
  • Double vision.
  • Headaches.
  • Nausea.
  • Poor coordination.
  • Tiredness.
  • Unsteady walk.
  • Vomiting.

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.

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病因

It's not clear what causes medulloblastoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the brain.

Medulloblastoma happens when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor that can grow to push on nearby structures. The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They also can spread to other areas.

风险因素

Factors that may increase the risk of medulloblastoma include:

  • Young age. Medulloblastoma can happen at any age. This cancer happens most often in children.
  • Inherited syndromes. Medulloblastoma happens more often in families that have a history of conditions that increase the risk of cancer. These conditions include Fanconi anemia, Gorlin syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and Turcot syndrome.

来自妙佑医疗国际员工
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Dec. 19, 2024
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  1. Childhood medulloblastoma and other central nervous system embryonal tumors treatment (PDQ) — Patient version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  2. Pomeroy SL. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and risk stratification of medulloblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  3. Medulloblastoma — Childhood — Introduction. Cancer.Net. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/medulloblastoma-childhood/view-all. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  4. Pomeroy SL. Treatment and prognosis of medulloblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.
  5. Pomeroy SL. Histopathology, genetics, and molecular groups of medulloblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022.

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