نظرة عامة

التهاب النخاع والعصب البصري هو اضطراب يصيب الجهاز العصبي المركزي ويسبب التهابًا في أعصاب العين والحبل النخاعي.

ويُعرف التهاب النخاع والعصب البصري أيضًا باسم اضطراب طيف النخاع والعصب البصري وداء ديفيك. ويحدث عندما يهاجم الجهاز المناعي خلايا الجسم. ويصيب بشكل رئيسي الأعصاب البصرية التي تربط شبكية العين بالدماغ والحبل الشوكي. لكنه يصيب الدماغ أحيانًا.

قد يظهر الاضطراب بعد العدوى. أو يمكن أن ينتج بسبب ارتباطه بحالة أخرى من أمراض المناعة الذاتية. وترتبط الأجسام المضادة غير المنتظمة ببروتينات الجهاز العصبي المركزي وتسبب أضرارًا.

كثيرًا ما يخطئ الأطباء في تشخيص التهاب النخاع والعصب البصري على أنه التصلب المتعدد أو نوع من أنواع التصلب المتعدد. لكن التهاب النخاع والعصب البصري هو حالة مختلفة.

يمكن أن يسبب التهاب النخاع والعصب البصري العمى في عين واحدة أو في العينين، وضعفًا أو شللاً في الساقين أو الذراعين، وتقلصات مؤلمة. ويمكن أن يسبب أيضًا فقدان الإحساس، وقيئًا وفواقًا لا يمكن السيطرة عليهما، واختلال وظيفة المثانة أو الأمعاء بسبب تلف الحبل النخاعي. ويمكن أن يُصاب الأطفال بالتشوش أو النوبات التشنجية أو الغيبوبة.

ويشيع حدوث الانتكاسات. ومنع تكرار الإصابة هو أساس تجنب حدوث أي إعاقة. وقد تكون نوبات التهاب النخاع والعصب البصري قابلة للعلاج، لكنها قد تكون شديدة بما يكفي للتسبب في فقدان البصر الدائم ومشكلات في المشي.

الأعراض

Symptoms of neuromyelitis optica are related to the inflammation that occurs in the nerves of the eye and spinal cord.

Vision changes caused by NMO are called optic neuritis. These may include:

  • Blurred vision or loss of vision in one or both eyes.
  • Not being able to see color.
  • Eye pain.

Symptoms related to the spinal cord are called transverse myelitis. These may include:

  • Stiffness, weakness or numbness in the legs and sometimes in the arms.
  • Loss of feeling in the arms or legs.
  • Not being able to empty the bladder or trouble managing bowel or bladder function.
  • A tingling feeling or shooting pain in the neck, back or stomach.

Other symptoms of NMO may include:

  • Hiccups.
  • Nausea and vomiting.

Children can have confusion, seizures or coma. However, these symptoms in children are more common in a related condition known as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).

Symptoms may get better and then worse again. When they get worse, it's known as a relapse. Relapses can happen after weeks, months or years. Over time, relapses can lead to total blindness or loss of feeling, known as paralysis.

الأسباب

Experts don't know exactly what causes neuromyelitis optica. In people who have the disease, the immune system attacks healthy tissues in the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the spinal cord, brain and optic nerves that connect the retina of the eye with the brain. The attack occurs because altered antibodies bind to proteins in the central nervous system and cause damage.

This immune system reaction causes swelling, known as inflammation, and leads to the damage of nerve cells.

عوامل الخطورة

Neuromyelitis optica is rare. Some factors that may raise the risk of getting NMO include:

  • Sex assigned at birth. Women have NMO more often than do men.
  • Age. Most often, NMO affects adults. The average age of diagnosis is 40. However, children and older adults also can have neuromyelitis optica.
  • Race or ethnicity. People of Hispanic, Asian, or African or Afro-Caribbean descent have NMO at higher rates than do people who are white.

Some research suggests that not having enough vitamin D in the body, smoking and having few infections early in life also may raise the risk of neuromyelitis optica.

13/12/2024
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