概述

烧伤是因高温、过度暴露于阳光或其他辐射下,或者接触化学物质或电造成的组织损伤。有些烧伤可能只需要简单的医务处理,有些烧伤则危及生命,需要立即就医。

烧伤的治疗方法取决于受伤位置和严重程度。晒伤和小面积的烫伤一般可以在家中治疗。深层或大面积的烧伤需要立即就医。有些患者需要在烧伤专科中心接受治疗,并接受数月的随诊护理。

症状

烧伤症状取决于皮肤损害的深度。严重烧伤的体征和症状可能需要一两天的时间才会出现。

  • 一度烧伤。这种轻微烧伤仅影响皮肤的外层(表皮)。可能会导致发红和疼痛。
  • 二度烧伤。这种类型的烧伤会影响表皮和第二层皮肤(真皮层)。它可能会导致皮肤红肿、发白或斑点。可能出现水疱,并且疼痛可能很严重。严重的二度烧伤会导致疤痕。
  • 三度烧伤。这种烧伤会到达皮肤下方的脂肪层。烧伤的部位可能呈黑色、棕色或白色。皮肤可能看起来像皮革。三度烧伤会破坏神经,引起麻木。

何时就诊

出现以下情况时,请寻求紧急医疗救助:

  • 累及手、脚、面部、腹股沟、臀部、大关节或身体大面积的烧伤
  • 影响皮肤的所有层,甚至更深组织的深度烧伤
  • 导致皮肤看起来像皮革的烧伤
  • 出现烧焦或有黑色、棕色或白色斑块的烧伤
  • 化学品或电力引起的烧伤
  • 呼吸困难或气道烧伤

在等待紧急援助的同时采取急救措施。

如有下列症状,请咨询医生:

  • 感染的迹象,如伤口渗液、疼痛加剧、发红和肿胀
  • 水疱很大或两周内未愈合的烧伤
  • 无法解释的新症状
  • 明显的疤痕

病因

导致烧伤的原因包括:

  • 火焰
  • 热液体或蒸汽
  • 热金属、玻璃或其他物品
  • 电流
  • 放射,如 X 线放射
  • 阳光或其他紫外线来源,如日晒床。
  • 强酸性和碱性液体,以及油漆稀释剂或汽油等化学物质。
  • 滥用

风险因素

Risk factors for burns include:

  • Workplace factors. People who work outdoors and people who work with flames, chemicals and other substances that cause burns are at increased risk of burns. Most burns occur in adults.
  • Dementia. Older adults with dementia are more likely to have burns from heat sources, such as too-hot tap water, hot drinks, food fats and cooking oils.
  • Being young. Very young children are unable to get away from heat sources or flames. Their burns often come from kitchen, car seat and bath hazards.
  • Alcohol. Risk of burns is increased among people who drink alcohol or use other substances that affect judgment.

并发症

深度或大面积烧伤的并发症包括:

  • 细菌感染,可导致血流感染(脓毒症)
  • 液体流失,包括低血容量(血容量过低)
  • 危险的低体温(失温)
  • 吸入热空气或烟雾导致的呼吸问题
  • 瘢痕组织(瘢痕疙瘩)过度生长导致的瘢痕或起皱区域
  • 骨和关节问题,例如瘢痕组织导致皮肤、肌肉或肌腱缩短和收紧(挛缩)的情况

预防

为降低常见家庭烧伤的风险,请采取以下措施:

  • 切勿在无人看管的炉灶上烹饪食物。
  • 将锅柄朝向炉子后方。
  • 不要抱着孩子在炉灶边做饭。
  • 将高温液体放在儿童和宠物够不到的地方。
  • 让电器远离水。
  • 为孩子提供食物前先检查一下温度。避免用微波炉加热婴儿的奶瓶。
  • 请勿穿着宽松的衣服做饭,以防着火。
  • 如果有幼儿在场,请阻止孩子接触热源,例如炉子、户外烤架、壁炉和空间加热器。
  • 在将孩子放在汽车座椅上之前,请检查座椅带子或卡扣是否过热。
  • 熨斗和类似电器未使用时拔掉插头。将它们存放在幼儿够不到的地方。
  • 使用安全盖遮盖未使用的电源插座。收置好电线和导线,避免儿童咬线。
  • 如果您抽烟,切勿在床上抽烟。
  • 确保家中每层楼都配备有效的烟雾探测器。对它们进行检查,每年至少更换一次电池。
  • 确保家中每层楼都有灭火器。
  • 使用化学品时,始终穿戴防护眼镜和衣物。
  • 将化学品、打火机和火柴放在儿童够不到的地方。使用安全门闩。避免使用外观像玩具的打火机。
  • 将热水器的恒温器调至 120 F (48.9 C) 以下,以防烫伤。将孩子放入浴缸前,先测试浴缸水温。

同时也要警惕在家以外发生烧伤的风险,尤其是在有明火、化学物质或过热材料的地方。

Aug. 13, 2022
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