诊断

医务人员可能会对您进行体格检查,以确认您是否有流感症状,包括 H1N1 流感,通常称为猪流感。或者,医务人员也可能通过电话与您一起评估您的症状。

医务人员可能安排一项检查,以确认是否有 H1N1 等流感病毒。

多项检查可用于诊断流感。但并非所有流感患者都需要接受检查。大多数情况下,确诊患上流感并不会改变治疗方案。

在以下情况下,医务人员通常会通过检查以诊断流感:

  • 您当时就在医院。
  • 您属于流感并发症高风险人群。
  • 您与流感并发症高风险人群一同生活。

医务人员还可能借由检查确定您的症状是由流感病毒还是其他原因导致。或者,医务人员可通过这些检查获取更多信息,以了解您的症状是否由其他疾病导致,例如:

  • 心脏问题,例如心力衰竭或心肌感染。
  • 肺部和呼吸问题,例如哮喘或肺炎。
  • 大脑和神经系统问题,例如脑病或脑炎。
  • 感染性休克或器官衰竭。

通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)这项检查可确定您是否患有流感。PCR 检查比其他检查更为灵敏,有可能识别出流感毒株。

您可能同时感染流感病毒和其他病毒,例如 COVID-19

治疗

大多数流感患者,包括 H1N1 流感,只需要缓解症状。支持性护理,如多喝水、服用止痛药缓解发热和头痛以及多休息,可能有所帮助。

如果您患有慢性呼吸系统疾病,医务人员可能会开药来帮助您缓解症状。

医务人员可能会在症状刚出现的一两天开抗病毒药物。这些药物可以降低症状的严重程度,并且可能降低出现并发症的风险。

美国食品药品管理局已批准以下四种抗病毒药物用于流感治疗:

  • 奥司他韦(Tamiflu)。
  • 扎那米韦(Relenza)。
  • 帕拉米韦(Rapivab)。
  • 巴洛沙韦(Xofluza)。

但流感病毒可能对这些药物产生耐药性。所以医务人员只为某些特定群体开抗病毒药物,这包括容易出现并发症的群体以及这些高风险群体的密切接触者。

谨慎使用抗病毒药物可减少抗药性的形成,并把药留给真正需要的患者。

生活方式与家庭疗法

如果您得了任何类型的流感,请待在家中。让生病的孩子待在家里直到发热已消退 24 小时。

以下措施可能有助于缓解症状:

  • 大量摄入液体。选择水、果汁和温汤以防止脱水。
  • 休息。多睡觉,帮助免疫系统对抗感染。
  • 考虑使用止痛药。服用非处方止痛药,如对乙酰氨基酚(Tylenol 等)或布洛芬(Advil、Motrin IB 等)。儿童或青少年应慎用阿司匹林。处于流感样症状恢复期的儿童和青少年禁止服用阿司匹林。这是因为有出现瑞氏综合征的风险(一种罕见但可能危及生命的状况)。

除非您正在接受医疗护理,否则在您感觉好转之前,不要和其他人在一起。如果您真的需要离家就医,请戴上口罩。经常洗手。

May 10, 2023
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H1N1 流感(猪流感)