Radioterapia intraoperatoria

Descripción general

La radioterapia intraoperatoria es un tratamiento de radiación que se realiza durante la cirugía.

Esta permite dirigir radiación al área objetivo al tiempo que afecta lo menos posible al tejido circundante. La radioterapia intraoperatoria se utiliza para tratar los tipos de cáncer que son difíciles de extirpar durante la cirugía y cuando existe la preocupación de que puedan quedar cantidades diminutas de cáncer que no se ve.

El tipo de radioterapia intraoperatoria que más se suele utilizar en Mayo Clinic se llama radioterapia intraoperatoria con electrones. La radioterapia intraoperatoria se suele combinar con una terapia de radiación estándar. La terapia de radiación estándar se suele realizar antes de la cirugía.

En la radioterapia intraoperatoria se aplican dosis más altas de radiación que en la terapia de radiación estándar. No siempre se pueden utilizar dosis tan altas durante la terapia de radiación estándar porque existe la posibilidad de que la radiación afecte los órganos cercanos. La radioterapia intraoperatoria ayuda a mantener los órganos cercanos lejos de la radiación.

Por qué se hace

Intraoperative radiation therapy, also called IORT, can be used to treat many types of cancer. It's particularly useful for cancers that are hard to completely remove during surgery and cancers located close to sensitive structures and organs. Examples include cancers in the pelvis and the belly. IORT also can be helpful in areas where cancer has come back after other treatment.

Riesgos

As with most medical procedures, there are risks to intraoperative radiation therapy, also called IORT. IORT typically is safe, but the most common side effects include:

• Problems with the surgical incision as it heals.
• Injury and scarring to tissue around the treatment area, called fibrosis.
• Nerve damage, called neuropathy.
• Narrowing of passages in the body near the treatment area. For example, the intestines or the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, called ureters, may narrow due to IORT. This narrowing is called stenosis.
• An unusual opening or hole that forms between two parts of the body, called a fistula.

Cómo prepararte

Preparing for intraoperative radiation therapy, also called IORT, often involves having imaging tests. These tests may include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

The images from these tests are used to make detailed pictures of the area to be treated. The healthcare team, including the surgeon and the radiation oncologist, uses those pictures to plan the surgery and IORT. This planning allows high doses of radiation to be delivered to the cancer while lowering the amount of radiation that reaches healthy tissue.

Qué esperar

Intraoperative radiation therapy, also called IORT, happens during surgery. Many people who get IORT also have standard radiation therapy before surgery. Then during surgery, IORT is used to deliver a higher dose of radiation directly to the cancer than is possible with standard radiation therapy. Based on the treatment planning, radiation therapy delivered with IORT is carefully focused on the specific area that needs treatment.

Resultados

After intraoperative radiation therapy, you may have follow-up appointments to monitor the results. These appointments may include imaging tests to check if the cancer is gone. Talk with your healthcare team about your follow-up care.