概述

喉癌是指咽喉(咽部)或声匣(喉)出现的癌性肿瘤。

咽喉是一根从鼻腔后部延伸至颈部的肌管。喉癌最常起始于覆盖咽喉内部的扁平细胞。

声匣位于咽喉的正下方,也容易受喉癌所累。声匣由软骨组成并包含声带,声带振动使您在说话时可以发声。

咽喉癌的类型

咽喉癌是形成于咽喉部的癌症(咽癌)和声匣部的癌症(喉癌)的总称。

虽然大多数咽喉癌都涉及相同类型的细胞,但特定的术语被用来区分咽喉癌始发部位。

  • 鼻咽癌始于鼻咽,即鼻子后方的咽喉部位。
  • 口咽癌始于口咽部,即口腔后方的咽喉部位,包括扁桃腺。
  • 下咽癌(喉癌)始于下咽(喉咽)部,即咽喉的下部、食管和气管正上方。
  • 声带癌始于声带。
  • 声门上喉癌始于声匣上部,包括影响会厌的癌症。会厌是一块阻止食物进入气管的软骨。
  • 声门下癌始发于声带下方的声匣部位。

症状

喉癌的体征和症状可能包括:

  • 咳嗽
  • 声音发生变化,比如声音嘶哑和口齿不清
  • 吞咽困难
  • 耳痛
  • 无法愈合的肿块或溃疡
  • 咽喉疼痛
  • 体重减轻

何时就诊

如果您发现任何持续存在的新体征和症状,请预约医生就诊。大多数喉癌症状并不是癌症所特有,所以医生可能先调查其他更常见的原因。

病因

当咽喉中的细胞发生基因突变时,便会发生喉癌。这些突变使细胞不受控制地繁殖,在健康细胞正常死亡后继续生存。不断累积的细胞会在咽喉中形成肿瘤。

尚不清楚是什么原因导致引发喉癌的基因突变。但是,医生已确认了一些可能会增加风险的因素。

风险因素

增加患喉癌风险的因素包括:

  • 烟草使用,包括抽烟和嚼烟
  • 过量饮酒
  • 病毒感染,包括人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)和 EB 病毒
  • 蔬果摄入不足
  • 胃食管反流病(GERD)
  • 工作中接触有毒物质

预防

目前还没有预防喉癌的有效方法。但是为了降低患喉癌的风险,您可以:

  • 戒烟或请勿开始抽烟。如果您抽烟,请戒烟。如果您不抽烟,请勿开始抽烟。戒烟可能很难,所以需要帮助。医生可能会讨论药物、尼古丁替代产品和咨询等多种戒烟方案的益处和风险。
  • 若无法彻底戒酒,则适度饮酒。如要饮酒,请适度。对于健康成人而言,这意味着女性每天最多喝一杯,男性每天最多两杯。
  • 选择富含水果蔬菜的健康饮食。果蔬中的维生素和抗氧化剂可能降低患喉癌的风险。食用各类颜色鲜艳的果蔬。
  • 保护自己免受 HPV 感染。一些喉癌被认为是通过性传播感染人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)造成的。您可限制性伴侣数量并在每次性生活时戴避孕套,从而降低染上 HPV 的风险。向医生咨询 HPV 疫苗,接种疫苗可降低患喉癌和其他 HPV 相关癌症的风险。

Sept. 15, 2022

Living with 喉癌?

Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Head & Neck Cancer support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community.

Head & Neck Cancer Discussions

kmlnj
How do I go through 6 weeks radiation and chemotherapy, alone?

22 Replies Mon, Nov 18, 2024

caw
Diagnosed with Ameloblastoma

227 Replies Mon, Oct 28, 2024

See more discussions
  1. Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Cancer of the head and neck. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 2, 2020.
  2. Flint PW, et al., eds. Malignant tumors of the larynx. In: Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 2, 2020.
  3. Head and neck cancers. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed Oct. 2, 2020.
  4. Laryngeal cancer treatment (Adult) (PDQ) — Health professional version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/laryngeal-treatment-pdq. Accessed Nov. 17, 2020.
  5. Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment (Adult) (PDQ) — Health professional version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/hypopharyngeal-treatment-pdq. Accessed Nov. 17, 2020.
  6. AskMayoExpert. Oropharyngeal carcinoma, HPV positive, stage III to IV: Evaluation and treatment (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2019.
  7. Sun L, et al. Dietary flavonoid intake reduces the risk of head and neck but not esophageal or gastric cancer in US men and women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2017; doi:10.3945/jn.117.251579.
  8. Matovia C, et al. Integrative medicine in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery. 2017; doi:10.1177/0194599816671885.
  9. Warner KJ. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. July 8, 2020.
  10. Palliative care. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed Oct. 2, 2020.
  11. Rethinking drinking: Alcohol and your health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/. Accessed Nov. 17, 2020.
  12. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://health.gov/our-work/food-nutrition/2015-2020-dietary-guidelines/guidelines/. Accessed Nov. 17, 2020.
  13. Types of complementary therapies. American Society of Clinical Oncology. https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/integrative-medicine/types-complementary-therapies. Accessed Nov. 17, 2020.