概述

蛛网膜下腔出血是指脑与覆盖脑的组织之间的空间发生的出血。这一空间被称为蛛网膜下腔。蛛网膜下腔出血是卒中的一种类型。这是一种需要立即治疗的紧急医疗事件。

蛛网膜下腔出血的主要症状是突然发生的极为剧烈的头痛。有些人描述说,这是他们感受过的最严重的头痛。蛛网膜下腔出血还可能导致恶心、呕吐、颈部僵直和其他症状。

当脑部血管中的不规则隆起(称为动脉瘤)破裂时,通常会发生出血。头部受伤也可能会导致出血。有时脑部血管缠结(称为动静脉畸形)会导致出血。以及其他健康状况(包括影响血管的状况)也可能会导致出血。

如果不进行治疗,蛛网膜下腔出血可能导致永久性脑损伤或死亡,因此,必须立即救治。

症状

蛛网膜下腔出血最常见的症状是非常突然、非常剧烈的头痛。头痛从一瞬间开始,并立即变得非常疼痛。有些人描述说,这是他们经历过的最严重的头痛。

除了突发性头痛之外,症状可能包括:

  • 恶心。
  • 呕吐。
  • 颈部僵直或颈部疼痛。
  • 视力改变。
  • 短暂失去意识。

何时就医

蛛网膜下腔出血是一种紧急医疗事件。

如果您出现非常突然的剧烈头痛或如果您有其他蛛网膜下腔出血症状,立即就医。如果您被诊断出患有脑动脉瘤或发生头部受伤,这一点尤为重要。

如果您身边有人抱怨自己突然出现剧烈头痛或有人失去意识,立即拨打 911 或当地急救电话。

病因

蛛网膜下腔出血可能由下列原因引起:

  • 脑动脉瘤破裂。 脑动脉瘤是脑部血管中出现的隆起。动脉瘤可能会破裂,并导致脑与其覆盖组织之间的空间(称为蛛网膜下腔)内发生出血。脑动脉瘤是蛛网膜下腔出血的最常见病因。
  • 头部受伤。 另一个常见病因是头部受伤。汽车事故、跌倒或暴力造成的头部受伤可能会导致蛛网膜下腔出血。
  • 脑部血管缠结,称为动静脉畸形。 这种不规则的血管缠结可能会破裂并导致脑出血。
  • 血管肿胀,称为血管炎。 这可能会导致血管壁增厚和狭窄。血管炎可能会导致血凝块或动脉瘤。

风险因素

一些导致蛛网膜下腔出血的风险因素是无法控制的。其中包括:

  • 年龄较大。 大多数由动脉瘤引起的蛛网膜下腔出血发生在 55 至 60 岁的人群中。尤其是 50 多岁和 60 多岁的女性,风险更高。
  • 一级亲属患有脑动脉瘤, 包括有血缘关系的父母、子女或兄弟姐妹
  • 存在某些健康状况。 增加蛛网膜下腔出血风险的状况包括埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征、马方综合征、1 型神经纤维瘤病和多囊肾病。

有两名或两名以上一级亲属患有脑动脉瘤或有蛛网膜下腔出血的患者可接受筛查。

蛛网膜下腔出血的其他风险因素是可以避免的。其中包括:

  • 患有高血压。
  • 抽烟。
  • 酗酒。
  • 使用违禁药物,例如可卡因或甲基苯丙胺。

Feb. 21, 2025

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