概述

前列腺癌 4 期指癌细胞扩散到身体其他部位的时期。

大多数前列腺癌在仅发生在前列腺时就会被诊断出来。有时前列腺癌不会引起症状,直到癌细胞扩散才会被发现。当癌细胞扩散到身体其他部位时称为转移性癌症。

治疗可以减缓前列腺癌 4 期的发展进程,或缩小癌细胞,但是大多无法治愈。不过,治疗可以延长生命,减轻癌症症状。

症状

前列腺癌 4 期的体征和症状可能包括:

  • 排尿疼痛。
  • 排尿困难。
  • 难以排空膀胱。
  • 小便无力。
  • 尿频。
  • 尿中或精液带血。
  • 背部、臀部或骨盆疼痛。
  • 疲倦。

何时就诊

如果持续的症状使您烦恼,请与医生或其他医疗护理专业人员约诊。

病因

前列腺癌 4 期的病因尚不清楚。在前列腺癌 4 期,前列腺癌细胞已经脱离了原本在前列腺中形成的位置。癌细胞扩散到身体其他部位。

当前列腺中的细胞 DNA 发生突变时,就会出现前列腺癌。细胞的 DNA 含有指示细胞工作的指令。健康细胞中的 DNA 会指示细胞以设定的速率生长和繁殖。这些指令会指示细胞在设定的时间死亡。而由于癌细胞中的 DNA 发生变化,因此会给出不同的指令。这些变化指示癌细胞以远快于平时的速度进行复制。当健康细胞死亡时,癌细胞可以继续存活。这会导致细胞过多。

癌细胞可能在前列腺内形成一个肿块,称为肿瘤。肿瘤可能生长,侵入并破坏周围的健康组织。随着时间的推移,癌细胞可能脱落并扩散到身体其他部位。

扩散到前列腺之外的前列腺癌细胞最常转移到:

  • 淋巴结。
  • 骨骼。
  • 肝脏。

风险因素

增加前列腺癌 4 期患病风险的因素:

  • 衰老。前列腺癌的患病风险随年龄增长而增加。
  • 有前列腺癌家族史。某些遗传性 DNA 突变可能会增加前列腺癌的患病风险。这些遗传性 DNA 突变还会增加更具侵袭性的前列腺癌的患病风险。
  • 黑人。出于尚不清楚的原因,黑种人患前列腺癌的风险大于其他种族的人。黑人也更有可能患具侵袭性或晚期前列腺癌。

并发症

Some treatments for metastatic prostate cancer can cause thinning bones. This complication can cause bones to break more easily.

To help reduce the risk of thinning bones, your healthcare team might recommend that you:

  • Limit how much alcohol you drink.
  • Stop smoking if you smoke.
  • Get 30 minutes of weight-bearing exercise most days of the week. Weight-bearing exercises include activities where your legs carry your weight. Examples include strength training, lifting weights, walking, running, basketball and pickleball.
  • Eat foods that are rich in calcium. Examples include dairy products, such as cheese, milk and yogurt, and some vegetables, such as bok choy, broccoli and kale.
  • Take vitamin supplements, but don't do this without talking with your healthcare team. Your care team can tell you which vitamins to take and how much to take.

You might have bone density testing when you start treatment. The test might repeat every year or two to watch for signs of thinning bones. Sometimes medicines can help build up the bones that start to thin.

April 30, 2024

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