概述

钙化防御是一种不常见的严重疾病,在这种疾病中,钙积聚在脂肪和皮肤组织的小血管中。

钙化防御会导致血凝块,皮肤溃疡疼痛,还可能导致严重的感染,从而导致死亡。出现钙化防御的患者通常有肾功能衰竭、正在进行透析或进行过肾移植。但没有患肾脏疾病的人也会患上这种疾病。

症状

钙化防御的体征和症状包括:

  • 皮肤上出现大面积网状紫癜
  • 较深结块伴剧痛,溃烂后形成开放性溃疡,有黑褐色焦痂,无法愈合;可发生于任何部位,但通常发生于脂肪含量较高的皮肤部位,如腹部和大腿
  • 伤口愈合不良导致的感染

病因

钙化防御的确切原因尚不清楚,但最近的研究表明,大多数这种疾病的患者凝血因子异常。凝血因子是血液中帮助止血的物质。这些异常可能导致小血凝块的形成比正常情况下更频繁。

另外,钙化防御患者的钙代谢不平衡。这导致钙沉积在动脉的最小部分(小动脉),最终导致小动脉中形成血凝块。血凝块会导致脂肪组织和皮肤缺氧和缺营养。

风险因素

钙化防御通常会影响终末期肾衰竭患者。潜在风险因素包括:

  • 女性
  • 肥胖症
  • 糖尿病
  • 凝血因子异常
  • 长期透析,有时进行肾脏移植
  • 体内钙、磷、铝失衡
  • 有些药物,例如华法林(Coumadin、Jantoven)、钙结合剂或皮质类固醇
  • 甲状旁腺激素(PTH)调节体内钙和磷的水平,PTH 过量分泌的疾病称为甲状旁腺功能亢进症
  • 尿毒症,是指正常情况下尿液中排出的物质(例如钙和磷)在体内积聚的一种毒症

并发症

钙化防御的并发症包括:

  • 剧烈疼痛
  • 巨大、程度较深且无法愈合的溃疡
  • 血液感染
  • 导致死亡的原因通常包括感染和多器官衰竭

通常情况下,钙化防御患者的预后效果并不乐观。及早发现和治疗对于帮助预防严重感染至关重要。

预防

There isn't a clear way to prevent calciphylaxis. But if you are on dialysis or have low kidney function due to advanced chronic kidney disease, it's important to keep blood levels of calcium and phosphorus under control.

Keeping blood levels of phosphorus under control often is a challenge. Your healthcare professional might have you take medicines with meals. You also may need to restrict certain foods that are high in phosphorus. It's very important to follow your healthcare professional's directions and go to all follow-up healthcare checkups.

If you have calciphylaxis, your healthcare team helps you prevent ulcer infections or other complications. You may need to apply special wound dressings or clean the ulcers daily to prevent germs called bacteria from growing.

July 09, 2024
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