概述

急性冠脉综合征这一术语用于描述与流向心脏的血流量突然减少相关的一系列状况。这些状况包括心脏病发作和不稳定型心绞痛(一种胸部疼痛)。

如果流向心脏的血流量突然减少,心肌得不到足够的氧气。如果心脏组织细胞死亡或受损,则会发生心脏病发作。心脏病发作也称为心肌梗死。

流向心脏的血流量减少,会引起不稳定型心绞痛。其严重程度不足以导致心脏组织细胞死亡或心脏病发作。但是血流量减少可能会增加出现心脏病发作的风险。

急性冠脉综合征往往导致严重的胸部疼痛或不适。这是一种需要立即诊断和护理的紧急医疗事件。治疗的目标是改善血液流动,以及治疗和预防并发症。

症状

急性冠脉综合征的症状通常会突然发作。这些因素包括:

  • 胸部疼痛或不适。可能会感觉到疼痛感、压迫感、紧绷感或灼热感。胸部疼痛也称为心绞痛。
  • 疼痛起源于胸部并扩散到身体其他部位。这些部位包括肩部、手臂、上腹部、背部、颈部或颚部。
  • 恶心或呕吐。
  • 上腹部疼痛或烧灼感,称为消化不良。
  • 气短,也称为呼吸困难。
  • 突然大量出汗。
  • 心跳加速。
  • 感觉头重脚轻或头晕。
  • 昏厥。
  • 异常疲劳。

胸部疼痛或不适是最常见的急性冠脉综合征症状。但症状可能因年龄、出生指定性别和其他医疗状况不同而有很大差异。女性、老年人和糖尿病患者更有可能出现无胸部疼痛或不适的症状。

何时就诊

急性冠脉综合征是一种紧急医疗事件。胸部疼痛或不适可能是许多危及生命的状况的症状。请立即寻求紧急帮助以获得诊断和适当护理。切勿自行驾车前往医院。

病因

急性冠脉综合征通常由心脏动脉壁内及壁上的脂肪沉积物积聚所致。脂肪沉积物也称为斑块。当脂肪沉积物破裂时,会形成血凝块。该凝块阻止血液流向心脏。心肌得不到足够的氧气。

缺氧可能会导致心肌细胞死亡。损伤可能会导致心脏病发作。如果急性冠脉综合征未导致心肌细胞死亡,则称之为不稳定型心绞痛。

风险因素

急性冠脉综合征的风险因素与其他类型心脏病的风险因素相同。风险因素包括:

  • 年龄较大。
  • 高血压。
  • 高血胆固醇。
  • 抽烟或烟草使用。
  • 身体活动不足。
  • 不健康的饮食。
  • 肥胖症或超重。
  • 糖尿病。
  • 胸部疼痛(称为心绞痛)、心脏病发作或卒中的个人史或家族史。
  • 高血压、子痫前期或妊娠期糖尿病史。
  • 绝经提前。
  • COVID-19 感染。

Sept. 24, 2025

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