Diagnosis
Healthcare professionals may find congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH):
- Before a baby is born.
- Shortly after birth.
- During childhood or later in life.
Prenatal testing
Tests used to find CAH before birth in fetuses who are at risk for the condition include:
- Amniocentesis. This procedure involves using a needle to remove a sample of the fluid from the womb. This is called amniotic fluid. Then a lab checks the cells in the fluid.
- Chorionic villus sampling. This test involves removing cells from the organ that provides a fetus with oxygen and nutrients. This organ is called the placenta. A lab checks the sample of placenta cells.
Tests to confirm whether a baby has CAH are done after the baby is born.
Newborns and infants
In the United States and many other countries, newborns are routinely tested for 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The screening test is recommended during the first few days of life. This test can find the classic form of CAH. It doesn't identify the nonclassic form.
In female infants whose outer genitals look very different than is typical, other tests can be done. The tests check structures inside cells that contain genes, called chromosomes, to identify genetic sex. Also, an ultrasound of the pelvis can find the presence of reproductive organs such as the uterus and ovaries.
Children and adults
Tests to find CAH in children and adults include:
- Physical exam. A physical exam usually includes a check of blood pressure and heart rate. Symptoms also are reviewed. If a healthcare professional suspects CAH, blood and urine tests are done.
- Blood and urine tests. These tests look for hormones made by the adrenal glands at levels outside the standard ranges. The tests also check the levels of minerals called electrolytes, such as sodium. These minerals balance the amount of water in the body.
- X-ray. This test might be done to find out if a child's bones are more developed than is typical for the child's age.
- Genetic testing. Genetic testing may be needed to confirm if CAH is the cause of symptoms.
More Information
Treatment
For children, a healthcare professional likely will make a referral to a specialist in childhood hormonal issues. This specialist is called a pediatric endocrinologist. For adults, a referral often is made to an adult endocrinologist. The treatment team also may include other healthcare professionals such as:
- A doctor who finds and treats urinary tract conditions, called a urologist.
- A mental health professional called a psychologist.
- A doctor who finds and treats conditions of the female reproductive system, called a reproductive endocrinologist.
- An expert in genes called a geneticist.
Treatment may include medicines, surgery and mental health support.
Medications
The goal of treating CAH with medicines is to lower the amount of androgens the body makes and replace hormones the body lacks. People with classic CAH can manage the condition by taking hormone replacement medicines throughout their lives.
People with nonclassic CAH may not need treatment. Or they may need only small doses of medicines called corticosteroids.
Medicines for CAH are taken every day. During illnesses or times of serious stress, other medicines or higher doses may be needed.
Medicines may include:
- Corticosteroids to replace cortisol.
- Mineralocorticoids to replace aldosterone to help keep salt in the body and get rid of extra potassium.
- Salt supplements to help keep salt in the body.
Regular checkups are needed to make sure the medicines work well. These appointments usually include:
- A physical exam. This exam includes checking a child's growth and development. That involves closely tracking changes in height, weight, blood pressure and bone growth. People with CAH need health checkups on a regular basis throughout their lives.
- Checking for side effects. Medicine side effects may include the loss of bone mass and growth that is slower than usual. The risk of those side effects rises if steroid-type replacement medicine doses are high and used long term.
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Blood tests to check hormone levels. It's important to have regular blood tests to make sure that hormone levels are balanced. Children who haven't yet reached puberty need enough cortisone to suppress androgens to grow to a typical height. For females with CAH, androgens are suppressed to minimize symptoms such as a deeper voice or extra body hair.
But too much cortisone can cause a condition called Cushing syndrome. Cushing syndrome can lead to symptoms such as a fatty lump between the shoulders and a rounded face. It also can cause high blood pressure, bone loss and type 2 diabetes.
With classic CAH, it's a good idea to wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace that says you have congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It can help a healthcare team provide the right treatment in case of an emergency.
Reconstructive surgery
Some female infants with classic CAH have outer genitals that look very different than is typical. The healthcare team may suggest reconstructive surgery as part of treatment. Surgery can help the genitals function better and look more typical.
Surgery may involve making the clitoris smaller and rebuilding the vaginal opening. The surgery typically is done between about 3 and 6 months of age. Females who have reconstructive genital surgery as infants may need more cosmetic surgery later in life.
Some parents choose to wait to decide on genital surgery for their child. They might delay surgery until the child is old enough to understand the risks and make choices about surgery.
A decision about the timing of surgery should be made after a thorough discussion between the family and the healthcare team.
Mental health support
Mental health support is key for children and adults with CAH. It can help with the social and emotional parts of the condition. Look for a mental health professional who has experience helping people with CAH.
Research
Treatment of CAH during pregnancy with lab-made corticosteroids that cross the placenta to the fetus are controversial and considered experimental. More research is needed to determine the long-term safety and the effect of this treatment on a baby's brain.
Clinical trials
Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.
Coping and support
Early and steady support from family and healthcare professionals is important. This support can help people with CAH have healthy self-esteem and a satisfying social life. You might want to take these steps:
- Include mental health counseling in a treatment plan as needed.
- Seek help from a mental health professional if you have trouble coping.
Preparing for your appointment
You may start by seeing your family healthcare professional or your child's pediatrician. You may be referred to a specialist trained in finding and treating conditions related to the adrenal glands. This specialist is called an endocrinologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment. You may want to take a family member or friend along for support and to help you remember information.
What you can do
To prepare for your appointment:
- Find out if you or your child needs to do anything before the appointment. That might include changing what you or the child eats or drinks to get ready for blood and urine tests.
- Make a list of any symptoms you or your child has had, and for how long.
- Make a list of key medical information. Include recent illnesses, any medical conditions, and the names and dosages of any medicines, vitamins, herbs or other supplements.
- Prepare questions you want to ask your healthcare professional.
Some basic questions to ask may include:
- What is likely causing the symptoms?
- Are there other possible causes for these symptoms?
- What kinds of tests are needed?
- What treatment approach do you recommend?
- What are the expected results of treatment?
- What are the possible side effects of treatment?
- How will you monitor health over time?
- What is the risk of long-term medical problems?
- Do you recommend mental health counseling?
- Do you recommend that our family meet with a genetic counselor?
Feel free to ask any other questions during your appointment.
What to expect from your doctor
Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions such as:
- What are your symptoms?
- When did you first start to notice these symptoms?
- Does anyone in your family have congenital adrenal hyperplasia? If so, do you know how it was treated?
Be ready to answer questions so you have time to go over points you want to focus on.