概述

乳房再造是一种在乳房切除术——切除乳房以治疗或预防乳腺癌的手术——后恢复乳房形状的手术。皮瓣重建乳房手术涉及从身体的一个区域——通常是腹部——取出一部分组织,并将其移植到新的地方,以此来造出一个新的乳房。

皮瓣重建乳房手术是一项由整形外科医生进行的复杂手术。使用乳房自身组织进行的大部分乳房再造可在乳房切除术时完成(立即再造),尽管有时可在以后的单独手术中完成(延迟再造)。

整形外科医生可能会建议分两个步骤进行手术。第一阶段是植入扩张器,第二阶段是完成组织再造。患者可能需要接受其它手术来进行乳头再造。

目的

Breast reconstruction with flap surgery is done to restore shape to a breast after a mastectomy. Many people choose breast reconstruction after mastectomy to feel better about themselves and how they look.

There are two main kinds of breast reconstruction. One uses tissue flaps and the other uses breast implants. The ways of doing breast reconstruction surgery each have advantages and disadvantages. A plastic surgeon can talk about these with you.

In general, a breast reconstructed using a tissue flap may look and feel more natural than a breast reconstructed with an implant. Once the reconstruction is completed with a tissue flap, you typically don't need more surgery in the future. With a breast implant, you may need more surgery in the future to replace or remove the implant. Using a tissue flap for breast reconstruction is a more complex operation. It typically requires a longer hospital stay and it often has a longer recovery compared to using a breast implant.

A plastic surgeon can talk with you about your options. The surgeon can help you choose which type of reconstruction is better for you.

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风险

皮瓣重建乳房手术是一项重要手术,可能伴随着严重的并发症,包括:

  • 乳房感觉的变化
  • 手术和麻醉时间延长
  • 恢复和愈合时间延长
  • 创伤愈合不良
  • 积液(血清肿)
  • 感染
  • 出血
  • 血液供应不足导致的组织死亡(坏死)
  • 组织供体部位感觉丧失
  • 腹壁疝气或无力

如果在乳房再造手术后进行放射疗法,对皮肤和胸壁进行放射治疗可能会在愈合过程中引起并发症。您的医生可能建议等您完成放射疗法后再继续进行乳房再造的第二阶段。

Risks of surgery

The risks of breast reconstruction surgery include:

  • Slow healing of cuts in the skin, called incisions.
  • Infection.
  • Bleeding.
  • Risks linked to the medicine that puts you in a sleeplike state during surgery. The medicine is called a general anesthetic. Risks include nausea, vomiting and confusion.

Risks of having flap surgery

The risks of having breast reconstruction with tissue flaps include:

  • Tissue death, called necrosis, from too little blood supply to the new breast.
  • Loss of feeling at the place where the tissue flap is taken from.
  • A weakness in the belly wall that may let tissue come through, making a bulge. This is called an abdominal hernia.

Radiation therapy to the skin and chest wall after breast reconstruction with flap surgery may cause complications during healing. Your healthcare team may suggest that you wait until after radiation therapy to have breast reconstruction with flap surgery.

如何进行准备

乳房切除术前,医生可能会建议您去看整形外科医生。咨询经专科认证并且在乳房切除术后乳房再造方面经验丰富的整形外科医生。理想的状态是乳房外科医生和整形外科医生根据您的情况,共同制定最佳的外科治疗和乳房再造策略。

整形外科医生会向您描述手术方案,展示接受不同类型乳房再造术的女性照片。您的体型、健康状况和癌症治疗因素将决定哪种类型的重建对您最有益。整形外科医生还会提供麻醉、手术地点以及可能需要的随访复诊程序等信息。

整形外科医生可能会谈论手术对另一侧乳房的利弊,即使另一侧乳房很健康,也应尽量使再造的乳房与另一侧乳房的形状和大小一致。切除健康乳房的手术(对侧预防性乳房切除术)会使手术并发症的风险增加一倍,如出血和感染风险。另外,手术后对整容效果的满意度可能会降低。

手术前,按照医生的指示准备手术。内容可能包括饮食和饮酒指南、调整现有药物和戒烟。

可能出现的情况

新乳房看起来可能会与您的自然乳房不完全一致。但是,新乳房通常可以恢复乳房的轮廓,以使您的轮廓看起来与手术前的轮廓相似。

皮瓣重建乳房手术是最复杂的乳房重建方案。外科医生将身体某部分的一块皮肤、肌肉、脂肪和血管转移至胸部,以重塑乳房丘。在某些情况下,需要用乳房植入物来增大皮肤和组织,以达到所需的乳房大小。

皮瓣手术的类型

用于乳房重建的组织最常来自腹部。也可能使用您背部或(较不常见)臀部的组织。外科医生会根据您的体型以及您的医疗和手术史来确定哪种方法最适合您。

  • 腹部(TRAM 皮瓣)。外科医生通过称为横行腹直肌(TRAM)皮瓣的手术从腹部切除组织(包括肌肉)。TRAM 皮瓣可作为游离皮瓣或带蒂皮瓣转移。

    带蒂 TRAM 皮瓣使用整条直肌,它是腹部四块主要肌肉之一。对于肌肉非损伤性游离 TRAM 皮瓣,外科医生只需要取用部分腹直肌,这可能有助于您在手术后保持腹部力量。

  • 腹部(DIEP 皮瓣)。新型手术方法腹壁下动脉穿支(DIEP)皮瓣与 msTRAM 皮瓣相似,但仅切除皮肤和脂肪。大部分腹肌保留在原处,仅需最少的肌肉组织即可形成新的乳房丘。重新连接血管需要通过显微镜进行手术(显微手术)的专业知识。

    这种乳房重建的优点是可以保持更强的腹部力量。如果外科医生出于解剖学原因无法做 DIEP 皮瓣手术,可能选择采用 msTRAM 手术替代。

  • 腹部(SIEA 皮瓣)。腹壁浅动脉(SIEA)皮瓣是 DIEP 皮瓣的一种演变方式,使用相同的腹部组织,但所依赖的血管并不像 DIEP 那样位于腹部深处。这是一种微创方案,但并非所有女性的 SIEA 血管都适合进行这种皮瓣手术。
  • 背部(背阔肌皮瓣)。这种外科手术技术从您的背部上方取用皮肤、脂肪和肌肉,并将它们通入到您的胸部皮肤下方。由于皮肤和其他组织的数量通常少于 TRAM 皮瓣手术,因此这种方法可用于中小型乳房或为乳房植入物形成空腔。一些妇女在此手术后会感到背部、肩膀或手臂肌肉无力,但这种情况不太常见。
  • 臀部(臀肌皮瓣)。臀肌皮瓣是一种游离皮瓣手术,这种手术从您的臀部取组织并移植到胸部。对于更希望进行组织再造但背部或腹部没有足够多余组织的女性,可以选择臀肌皮瓣。
  • 大腿内侧(TUG)。另一种较新方案是横行股薄肌(TUG)皮瓣,这种方案使用臀部底部与大腿内侧之间的肌肉和脂肪组织。TUG 皮瓣手术并非总是可行,对于大腿相互触碰且乳房偏中小的女性,它可能是一种选择。

由于充足的血液供应对于皮瓣手术中移植组织的存活至关重要,因此,如果您吸烟或患有糖尿病、血管疾病或结缔组织病,外科医生可能不希望进行带蒂皮瓣手术。如果吸烟,可能会要求您在手术前四到六周戒烟。另外,肥胖症也可能让您无法进行带蒂 TRAM 皮瓣手术。

通常,皮瓣乳房重建手术比乳房切除术或植入物重建更为普及。皮瓣手术会导致切口较大,需要愈合时间更长,因此需要的恢复时间也就更长,并且可能需要更长的住院时间。

自体脂肪移植是一种新型乳房重建技术,采用吸脂从大腿、腹部或臀部收集脂肪组织来进行乳房重建或改善重建后乳房外观。

TRAM flap

During transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap surgery, a plastic surgeon removes tissue with muscle from the belly. This procedure also is called TRAM flap surgery. The TRAM flap can be done as a pedicle flap or a free flap.

A pedicle TRAM flap uses the whole rectus muscle. The rectus muscle is one of the major abdominal muscles.

For a muscle-sparing free TRAM flap, a surgeon takes only a part of the rectus abdominis muscle. This may help you keep abdominal strength after surgery.

恢复

手术后的几周您可能会感到疲倦和疼痛。医生会开药来减轻您的疼痛。您可能需要在手术后的短时间内放置引流管,以清除积聚在手术部位的多余积液。

佩戴弹性绷带或穿支撑式胸罩有助于抑制肿胀,并在乳房愈合期间支撑乳房。

您还需要在手术后缝线(缝合)。但由于线可能是可吸收缝线,因此无需将其拆除。疤痕是永久性的,但通常会经时消退。

恢复正常活动可能需要六周或更长时间。医生会告知您活动限制,如避免举起重物或剧烈的身体活动。如果手术后恢复需要很长时间,不要感到惊讶,据部分女性说,完全痊愈并恢复正常需要一两年的时间。

SEIA flap

Superficial inferior epigastric artery flap surgery also is called SIEA flap surgery. The SIEA flap uses the same belly tissue as the DEIP flap. But it uses blood vessels that aren't as deep within the belly. This is a less invasive surgery. But not everyone has SIEA blood vessels that will work for this type of flap surgery.

TUG flap

Transverse upper gracilis flap surgery, also called TUG flap surgery, uses muscle and fatty tissue from the bottom of the buttocks to the inner thigh.

PAP Flap

Profunda artery perforator flap surgery, also called PAP flap surgery, uses skin and fat from the back of the upper thigh. The benefit of this flap compared to the TUG flap is the surgeon takes no muscle.

Latissimus dorsi flap

Latissimus dorsi flap surgery takes skin, fat and muscle from the back. The surgeon transfers it under the skin to the chest. This kind of flap surgery typically takes less skin and fat than other kinds of flaps, so this approach most often uses a breast implant with the flap.

Gluteal flap

A gluteal flap surgery is a free flap procedure that takes tissue from the buttocks and transplants it to the chest area. A gluteal flap may be for people who want tissue reconstruction but who don't have enough extra tissue in their backs or bellies.

After the procedure

After surgery, you may wear a stretchy bandage or support bra to keep swelling down and support the reconstructed breast. You may have a small tube under your skin for a time to drain blood or fluids. Your healthcare professional prescribes medicine to help manage your pain.

You may be tired and sore for several weeks after surgery. Getting back to usual activities takes time. Take it easy during this period.

You might need to restrict your activities. Follow your healthcare team's instructions on what activities are not OK. This may include not doing any overhead lifting or anything that could cause strain.

Contact your plastic surgeon right away if you have worries about your reconstruction.

乳头再造

如果您愿意,乳房再造术也可以对您的乳头进行再造,包括进行文身以重塑您乳头周围的阴暗皮肤区域(乳晕)。

后期乳腺癌筛查

如果您只重建了一只乳房,则需要定期对另一只乳房进行乳腺 X 线检查。重建后的乳房不必进行乳腺 X 线检查。

您还可以选择对自然乳房以及重建后的乳房的皮肤和周围区域进行乳房自我检查。这可以帮助您熟悉手术后乳房的变化,以便您对任何新变化保持警觉并向医生报告。

结果

要对您的手术抱有现实的期望。乳房再造会带来很多益处,但该手术并不会让您的乳房看起来或感觉完全像做切除术之前的乳房。

乳房重建能够达到的效果:

  • 良好的乳房外形
  • 穿衣服或泳衣时胸部看起来更自然
  • 帮助您避免在胸罩内使用假体(外部假体)

乳房重建可能带来的效果:

  • 提高您的自尊和身体意象
  • 部分消除对心理创伤的回忆
  • 需要进行额外的手术来矫正重建问题

乳房再造无法达到的效果:

  • 让您看起来和以前一模一样
  • 使再造乳房与正常乳房有相同的感觉

临床试验

探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

在妙佑医疗国际的体验与患者故事

患者告诉我们,互动质量、关注细节以及就医效率都是他们从未经历过的医疗体验。查看妙佑医疗国际满意患者的故事。

Dec. 28, 2022
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皮瓣重建乳房手术