要对有头部创伤的患者进行急救,请拨打 911 或您当地的急救电话。以下任一症状均可能表明头部严重受伤:
成人
- 头部或面部严重出血。
- 鼻子或耳朵出血或漏液。
- 呕吐。
- 剧烈头痛。
- 意识变化持续超过数秒。
- 眼下或耳后出现黑青色。
- 停止呼吸。
- 意识模糊。
- 焦虑不安。
- 失去平衡。
- 手臂或腿部无力或无法移动。
- 瞳孔大小不同。
- 言语不清。
- 癫痫发作。
儿童
- 任何上述成人症状。
- 持续哭泣。
- 拒绝进食。
- 囟门部位隆起(婴儿)。
- 反复呕吐。
在等待紧急医疗救助的过程中,请先实施以下急救步骤:
- 让伤者原地不动。让伤者躺倒,头部和肩部稍微抬高。除非有必要,否则不要移动伤者。避免移动伤者的颈部。如果伤者戴着头盔,请勿取下。
- 止血。用无菌纱布或干净的布用力按压伤口。但是如果您怀疑存在颅骨骨折,请勿直接按压伤口。
- 留意呼吸和警觉性变化。如果伤者没有循环体征,即没有呼吸、咳嗽或活动,请开始实施心肺复苏(CPR)。
导致脑震荡症状的头部创伤应该由医务人员评估。脑震荡症状包括恶心、站立不稳、头痛或难以集中注意力。
显示参考文献
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- Concussion danger signs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/concussion_danger_signs.html. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.
- Neck or back injury. American College of Emergency Physicians. http://www.emergencycareforyou.org/emergency-101/neck-or-back-injury/#sm.000000tccxcow6ctsppinlrvo4ndj. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.
- Traumatic brain injury. Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries_poisoning/traumatic_brain_injury_tbi/traumatic_brain_injury.html. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.
- Evans RW. Acute mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.
- Wilkinson JM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Nov. 10, 2020.
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Feb. 18, 2023Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-head-trauma/basics/art-20056626