发热是指体温升高。这通常是感染的征兆。发热本身一般是无害的，而且可能有益。发热往往不需要治疗。

平均体温为 98.6°F（37°C）。但正常体温的范围为 97°F（36.1°C）至 99°F（37.2°C）甚至更高。您的体温可能会因运动程度或一天中的时间而有所不同。一般来说，老年人的体温比年轻人低。

以下体温计读数通常表示发热：

• 直肠、耳或颞动脉温度为 100.4°F（38°C）或更高
• 口腔温度为 100°F（37.8°C）或更高
• 腋下温度为 99°F（37.2°C）或更高

我应该治疗发热吗？

当您或您的孩子生病时，主要目标是缓解不适和促进休息。治疗发热既不会缩短病程，也不会特别延长病程。

治疗儿童发热

儿童发高烧时可能看起来或行为上不像病得很重。治疗发热取决于不适的程度。如果您的孩子感到不舒服或焦躁不安，以下家庭护理策略可能会对孩子有帮助：

• 鼓励孩子多喝水
• 给孩子穿上轻便的衣服。
• 如果孩子觉得冷，给孩子盖上薄毯子，直到寒战结束。
• 不要给儿童或青少年服用阿司匹林。
• 在您联系医生并对孩子进行评估之前，不要给婴儿服用任何止痛药。
• 如果孩子有 6 个月大或更大，请给孩子服用对乙酰氨基酚（泰诺等）或布洛芬（Advil、Motrin 等）。请仔细阅读标签，确保服用正确剂量。

何时为孩子寻求医疗咨询

如果您的宝宝不满 3 个月并且发热，请立即就医很重要。

如果任何年龄的儿童出现以下任何症状，请就医：

• 即使服用了退烧药，哭闹或行为异常也没有好转
• 脱水的体征和症状，如 8 至 10 小时内没有尿湿尿布、无泪哭闹、口干或拒绝喝任何液体
• 落枕或头痛
• 腹痛
• 呼吸困难
• 皮疹
• 关节疼痛或肿胀

如果发热持续时间连续超过 5 天，也请寻求医疗帮助。

治疗成人发热

发热且体温达到或高于 103°F（39.4°C）的成人通常看起来和表现得都很不舒服。治疗的主要目的是缓解不适，促进休息。

在家治疗发热：

• 多喝水，保持身体水分充足。
• 穿轻便的衣服。
• 如果您觉得冷，盖上薄毯子，直到寒战结束。
• 服用对乙酰氨基酚（泰诺等）或布洛芬（Advil、Motrin IB 等）。按照标签上的说明服药。

何时为成人寻求医疗咨询

如果发热患者出现以下任何体征和症状，请就医：

• 呼吸困难
• 胸部疼痛
• 剧烈头痛
• 意识混乱或躁动
• 腹痛
• 反复呕吐
• 口干、尿少或尿色深，或拒绝喝水等脱水症状
• 皮疹
• 吞咽液体困难
• 排尿时疼痛或背部疼痛

何时寻求急救护理

如果孩子因被留在闷热的汽车中或陷入其他此类潜在危险情况后发热，并出现以下任何警告迹象，请寻求紧急医疗护理：

• 发热，但不出汗
• 剧烈头痛
• 癫痫发作
• 落枕
• 意识混乱
• 反复呕吐或腹泻
• 易怒或明显不适
• 任何令人担忧、不同或不寻常的症状

华氏-摄氏温度转换表
华氏温度	摄氏温度
105	40.6
104	40.0
103	39.4
102	38.9
101	38.3
100	37.8
99	37.2
98	36.7
97	36.1
96	35.6

如何量体温

务必使用数字体温计测量体温。有多种类型的数字体温计可供选择：

• 直肠体温计用于测量直肠的温度。
• 口腔体温计用于测量口腔的温度。
• 颞动脉体温计使用红外扫描仪测量额头颞动脉的温度。
• 腋下（腋窝）和耳（鼓膜）体温计的精确度较低。

由于存在接触或摄入汞的可能性，玻璃水银体温计已逐渐被淘汰，不再建议使用。

无论使用哪种类型的体温计，使用时都要注意以下几点：

• 阅读体温计附带的说明书。
• 每次使用前后用酒精或肥皂和温水清洁体温计。
• 不要用同一支体温计测量口腔和直肠温度。准备两支体温计，标明分别用在哪个部位。
• 给孩子量体温时，孩子身边一定要有人照看。

直肠温度（适用于婴儿）

• 打开数字体温计，用凡士林或其他润滑剂润滑体温计的尖端。
• 让孩子俯卧或侧卧，膝盖弯曲。
• 小心地将体温计尖端（长度：1/2 至 1 英寸（1.3 至 2.5 厘米））插入直肠。
• 握住体温计，让孩子不要乱动，直到体温计发出哔的一声表示测量完成。为了避免孩子受伤，当体温计在孩子体内时，不要松开体温计。
• 取出体温计并读数。

口腔温度

• 打开数字体温计。将体温计尖端放在舌头下面。
• 在建议时间内或体温计发出哔的一声指示测量完成前，都要用嘴含住温度计。
• 取出体温计并读数。

颞动脉温度

• 打开数字体温计。轻轻地在额头上扫一下，读取体温计读数。

腋下温度

• 打开数字体温计。将体温计放在腋下，确保它接触皮肤，不接触衣服。
• 将体温计紧紧固定在适当位置，直至体温计发出完成测温的信号。
• 取出体温计并读数。

耳温

• 打开数字体温计。将其轻轻放入耳道，距离不要超过设备随附说明中的指示距离。
• 将体温计紧紧固定在适当位置，直至体温计发出完成测温的信号。
• 取出体温计并读数。

For a baby who's less than 3 months old and has a fever, get medical help right away.

Also, seek emergency medical care for a child who has any of these symptoms after being left in a hot car. These may be symptoms of a heat-related illness.

• Fever with no sweating or heavy sweating.
• Bad headache.
• Seizures.
• Stiff neck.
• Confusion.
• Repeated vomiting or diarrhea.
• Being irritable.
• Any symptoms that worry you.

The main goal of treatment is to improve comfort and help you or your child rest.

Infant and child

Children with fevers may not look or act sick. Treating a fever depends on how uncomfortable they are. If your child is uncomfortable or restless, these home care strategies may help:

• Have your child drink fluids.
• Dress your child in light clothing.
• Use a light blanket if your child feels chilled, until the chills end.
• If your child is 6 months old or older, give your child acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others). Read the label carefully for proper dosing. If your child has other health problems or takes medicine for them, check with your healthcare professional before using fever medicines.

Adult

Adults with fevers of 103 F (39.4 C) or higher will most often look and act sick. To treat a fever:

• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Dress in light clothing.
• Use a light blanket if you feel chilled, until the chills end.
• Take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Follow the directions on the label. If you have other health problems or take medicine for them, check with your healthcare professional before using fever medicines.

• Don't give aspirin to children or teenagers.
• Don't give an infant any type of pain reliever until after you've talked with a healthcare professional.

Seek medical care if a child of any age shows any of the following:

• Fussiness or unusual behavior that doesn't improve even after taking medicine to bring down the fever.
• Symptoms of water loss, called dehydration. These include no wet diapers over 8 to 10 hours, crying without tears, a dry mouth or refusing to drink fluids.
• Stiff neck or a headache.
• Belly pain.
• Trouble breathing.
• Rash.
• Joint pain or swelling.
• Fever that lasts more than five days.

Seek medical care for an adult with a fever and any of the following:

• Trouble breathing.
• Chest pain.
• Bad headache or stiff neck.
• Being confused.
• Belly pain.
• Repeated vomiting.
• Symptoms of water loss, called dehydration. These include having a dry mouth, making less or dark urine, or not drinking fluids.
• Skin rashes.
• Trouble swallowing fluids.
• Pain with passing urine or pain in the back.

Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion table
Fahrenheit	Celsius
105	40.6
104	40.0
103	39.4
102	38.9
101	38.3
100	37.8
99	37.2
98	36.7
97	36.1
96	35.6

Always use a digital thermometer to check someone's temperature. Types you can get include:

• Rectal thermometers for use in the rectum.
• Oral thermometers for use in the mouth.
• Temporal artery thermometers. These use an infrared scanner to measure the temperature of the temporal artery in the forehead.
• Armpit, called axillary, and ear, called tympanic membrane thermometers. These are less accurate.

Because of the dangers of being exposed to mercury, don't use a glass mercury thermometer.

No matter which type of thermometer you use, do the following when using it:

• Read the instructions that came with the thermometer.
• Clean the thermometer before and after each use with rubbing alcohol or soap and lukewarm water.
• Don't use the same thermometer for both oral and rectal temperatures. Get two and label which is used where.
• Never leave children alone while taking their temperature.

Rectal temperature (for infants)

• Turn on the digital thermometer and dab petroleum jelly or another lubricant on the tip of the thermometer.
• Lay the child on his or her stomach or side, with knees flexed.
• Carefully insert the tip 1/2 to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 centimeters) into the rectum.
• Hold the thermometer and the child still until the thermometer beeps, which means it's done. To avoid injury, don't let go of the thermometer while it's inside the child.
• Remove the thermometer and read the number.

Oral temperature

• Turn on the digital thermometer. Place the thermometer tip under the tongue.
• Close the mouth around the thermometer for as long as instructed or until the thermometer beeping shows it's done.
• Remove the thermometer and read the number.

Temporal artery temperature

• Turn on the digital thermometer. Gently sweep it across the forehead and read the number.

Armpit temperature

• Turn on the digital thermometer. Place the thermometer under the armpit, making sure it touches skin, not clothing.
• Hold the thermometer tightly in place until you hear the thermometer beep, which means it's done.
• Remove the thermometer and read the number.

Ear temperature

• Turn on the digital thermometer. Gently place it in the ear canal only as far as the instructions that came with the device say to.
• Hold the thermometer tightly in place until you hear the thermometer beep, which means it's done.
• Remove the thermometer and read the number.

June 25, 2024

Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-fever/basics/art-20056685