概述

左心室肥大是指左下心脏腔室的室壁增厚。左下心脏腔室又名左心室,是心脏的主要泵腔。

左心室肥大时,变厚的心脏室壁可能会变僵硬,心脏血压升高,导致心脏更难有效泵血。最终,心脏可能无法泵送足够的血液。

未控制的高血压是左心室肥大最常见的原因。并发症包括心律不齐(称为心律失常)和心力衰竭。

左心室肥大的治疗方法取决于病因,可能包括药物治疗和手术。

症状

左心室肥大通常是逐渐发展的。有些人不会出现任何症状,尤其是在疾病的早期阶段。

左心室肥大本身不会引起症状。但是,随着心脏压力增加,可能会出现症状。这些症状可能包括:

  • 气短,尤其是在躺下时
  • 腿部肿胀
  • 胸部疼痛,常发生在运动时
  • 感觉到心跳加速、扑动或加重(称为“心悸”)
  • 昏厥或感到头重脚轻

何时就诊

如果有以下情况,请寻求急救护理:

  • 感到胸部疼痛且持续几分钟以上
  • 严重的呼吸困难
  • 严重的头重脚轻或失去意识
  • 突发剧烈头痛,说话困难,或身体一侧无力

如果您有轻微气短或其他症状,如心悸,请就诊。

如果您有高血压或其他增大左心室肥大风险的状况,医务人员可能会建议您定期接受心脏检查,以监测心脏情况。

病因

任何对左下心脏腔室施加压力的因素都可能导致左心室肥大。左下心脏腔室称为左心室。随着左心室负担的增加,室壁肌肉组织会增厚。有时,心腔本身也会增大。

左心室肥大还可能由影响心肌结构的基因变化引起。

可能导致心脏工作强度增加并导致左心室肥大的因素包括:

  • 高血压。这是导致左心室肥大的最常见原因。长期高血压会增加心脏左侧的负担,使其变大。治疗高血压有助于减轻甚至可能逆转左心室肥大的症状。
  • 主动脉瓣变窄。主动脉瓣位于左下心脏腔室和人体的主要动脉(主动脉)之间。瓣膜变窄称为主动脉狭窄。瓣膜变窄会增加心脏将血液泵入主动脉时的负荷。
  • 高强度运动训练。长期进行高强度力量和耐力训练会使心脏发生变化。这些变化有助于心脏适应额外的体能负荷,但也可能导致心肌变大。这种状况有时又称为运动员心脏或运动员心脏综合征。目前尚不清楚运动员心脏变大是否会导致心肌僵硬和疾病。

某些在家族中遗传的医疗状况(遗传病)可能使心脏变厚。其中包括:

  • 肥厚型心肌病。这种状况由导致心肌增厚的基因变化所致。心肌增厚会使心脏更难泵血。即使未患高血压,也可能出现这种状况。如果父母之一患有肥厚型心肌病,您将有 50% 的几率遗传引起这种疾病的突变基因。
  • 淀粉样变性。心脏等器官周围出现蛋白质沉积。这种蛋白质沉积会影响器官的工作方式。当由家族遗传引起时,此状况称为家族性淀粉样变性。这种遗传性疾病还可能影响神经和肾脏。

风险因素

增加出现左心室肥大的风险的因素包括:

  • 年龄。左心室肥大在老年人中更为常见。高血压也是如此,可能会导致心肌增厚。
  • 体重。超重会增加出现高血压和左心室肥大的风险。
  • 家族史。在家族中传递的基因改变可能会导致左心室肥大。
  • 糖尿病。患有糖尿病会增加出现左心室肥大的风险。
  • 女性。患有高血压的女性出现左心室肥大的可能性高于血压测量值相似的男性。

并发症

左心室肥大会改变心脏的结构和功能。左心室增厚后会变得脆弱和僵硬,导致左下心脏腔室无法正常充血,最终导致心脏内血压升高。

这些变化带来的左心室肥大并发症包括:

  • 心力衰竭
  • 心律不规则(心律失常)
  • 心脏供氧过少(缺血性心脏病)
  • 突发、意外的心脏功能、呼吸和意识丧失(心搏骤停)

预防

推荐用于治疗心脏病和高血压的健康生活方式改变同样也有助于预防这些状况。预防高血压引起的左心室肥大的措施包括:

  • 不要吸烟
  • 健康饮食
  • 减少盐摄入量
  • 限制或避免饮酒
  • 定期锻炼
  • 保持健康体重
  • 每天保持 7 到 9 小时的睡眠
  • 管理压力

未经控制的高血压会增加出现左心室肥大的风险。如果您已年满 18 岁,至少每两年测量一次血压。如果您有心脏病的风险因素或年龄超过 40 岁,则可能需要增加检查频率。询问医务人员您的理想血压读数是多少。医务人员可能建议在家检查血压。家用血压监测仪可在当地商店和药店买到。

在妙佑医疗国际的体验与患者故事

患者告诉我们,互动质量、关注细节以及就医效率都是他们从未经历过的医疗体验。查看妙佑医疗国际满意患者的故事。

Aug. 06, 2024

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