概述
乳房再造是一种为了在乳房切除术后恢复乳房形状而进行的手术操作,切除乳房的目的是为了治疗或预防乳腺癌。
一种乳房再造是使用乳房植入物(一种填充了硅胶或盐水的硅胶装置)来恢复乳房形状。乳房再造与乳房植入是一种由整形外科医生进行的复杂手术。
乳房再造过程可以在乳房切除术时开始(立即再造),也可以在以后进行(延迟再造)。乳房再造过程通常需要两次或更多次手术。您还应准备好在初次手术后的两到三个月内进行几次复诊,以拉伸和延展胸部的皮肤,从而准备进行植入。
乳房再造无法重现与您的自然乳房完全一样的外观和感觉。但是,新乳房的轮廓可能会恢复到与乳房切除术之前相似的轮廓。
目的
Breast reconstruction with implants is done to restore shape to a breast after a mastectomy. Many people choose breast reconstruction after mastectomy to feel better about themselves and how they look.
There are two main kinds of breast reconstruction. One uses implants and the other uses tissue flaps. Breast reconstruction with flap surgery uses tissue from another part of your body to reconstruct the breast.
The ways of doing breast reconstruction surgery each have advantages and disadvantages. A plastic surgeon can talk about these with you.
In general, using an implant for breast reconstruction is a less invasive operation compared to reconstruction with a tissue flap. Reconstruction with an implant may offer a faster recovery. But breast implants aren't designed to last forever. If your breast reconstruction uses implants, you may need more surgery in the future to replace or remove the implant. If you choose flap surgery for breast reconstruction, you typically won't need more surgery in the future.
Talk with a plastic surgeon about your options. The surgeon can help you choose which type of reconstruction is better for you.
风险
使用乳房植入物进行乳房再造可能会产生并发症,包括:
- 乳房在大小或外观上不匹配(不对称)
- 乳房疼痛
- 植入物破裂或漏气
- 伤口愈合不良
- 增加未来通过乳房手术替换或取出乳房植入物的风险
- 乳房感官发生变化
- 感染
- 出血
- 形成并将植入物和乳房组织压缩成坚硬、不自然形状的疤痕组织(包膜挛缩)
- 麻醉相关风险
- 非常低,但可能会增加一种罕见的免疫系统癌症,即间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)的风险,这种癌症与有纹理的乳房植入物有关,但目前仍需要更多的研究来了解间变性大细胞淋巴瘤与乳房植入物之间的关系
纠正这些并发症可能需要额外的手术。
如果您在乳腺切除术后需要对皮肤和胸壁进行辅助放射疗法(乳房切除术后放疗),您可能不适合接受乳房植入物重建术。乳房植入物可能会使放射疗法更加困难,而且植入物可能需要放气。并发症的风险也可能更高。皮肤和皮下组织可能会因放疗而变得紧致、褪色和肿胀。
Risks of surgery
The risks of breast reconstruction surgery include:
- Slow healing of cuts in the skin, called incisions.
- Infection.
- Bleeding.
- Risks linked to the medicine that puts you in a sleeplike state during surgery. The medicine is called a general anesthetic. Risks include nausea, vomiting and confusion.
Risks of having implants
The risks of having breast implants include:
- Breasts that don't match each other in size or how they look, called asymmetry.
- Breast pain.
- Implant leaks or tears.
- Higher risk of future breast surgery to replace or remove the breast implant.
- Changes in feeling in the breast.
- Scar tissue that changes the shape of the breast implant, called capsular contracture.
- A slightly higher risk of a rare immune system cancer called anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Also called ALCL, it's linked with breast implants that have a textured surface. The link between breast implants and ALCL needs more study.
Treating these complications may mean more surgery to remove or replace the implants.
Breast reconstruction with implants might not be a good choice for you if you need radiation therapy to the skin and chest wall after mastectomy. There may be a higher risk of complications. Radiation therapy can cause skin changes that may lead to a higher risk of infection and problems with wound healing.
如何进行准备
乳房切除术前,医生可能会建议您去看整形外科医生。咨询经专科认证并且在乳房切除术后乳房再造方面经验丰富的整形外科医生。理想的状态是乳房外科医生和整形外科医生共同工作,以根据您的情况制定最佳的外科治疗和乳房再造策略。
整形外科医生会描述您的手术选择并讨论基于植入物的乳房再造的利弊,并可能会向您展示实施不同类型乳房再造术的女性照片。在确定哪种类型的再造会给您带来最好的效果时会考虑您的体型、健康状况和癌症治疗。整形外科医生将提供有关麻醉、手术部位以及可能需要的后续手术类型的信息。
整形外科医生可能会讨论手术对另一侧乳房的利弊,即使它很健康,也应尽量使再造的乳房与另一侧乳房的形状和大小一致。切除健康乳房的手术(对侧预防性乳房切除术)会使手术并发症的风险增加一倍,如出血和感染。另外,手术后对整形效果的满意度可能会降低。
在手术前,请按照医生的特定说明准备手术。这可能包括饮食和饮酒指南、调整现有药物和戒烟。
可能出现的情况
乳房重建首先需要植入乳房植入物或组织扩张器。这可以在做乳房切除术时进行(即刻再造),也可以在以后的手术中进行(延迟再造)。即使您选择即刻再造,乳房重建通常也需要做多次手术。
乳房植入物
乳房植入物是一个圆形或泪滴状的硅胶壳,里面注满了盐水(生理盐水)或硅胶。硅胶植入物一度因安全问题而受到限制,但现在被认为是安全的。
整形外科医生会将植入物植入胸部肌肉(胸肌)的后面或前面。植入在肌肉前面的植入物会用一种叫做脱细胞真皮基质的特殊组织固定。随着时间推移,身体的胶原蛋白会取代这些组织。
有些女性可以在做乳房切除术时植入永久性乳房植入物(直接植入再造)。但许多女性都需要分两步手术,即先使用组织扩张器,然后再植入永久性乳房植入物。
组织扩张器
组织扩张是拉伸剩余胸部皮肤和软组织的过程,旨在为乳房植入物腾出空间。进行乳房切除术时,医生会在胸肌下方或上方放置一个球囊状的组织扩张器。在接下来的几个月里,医生或护士会用一根针经一个皮下的小瓣膜向其中注入生理盐水,分几次进行注射扩张。
这种循序渐进的过程可让皮肤逐渐拉伸。您需要每隔一两周去医生那里注射一次生理盐水。当植入物扩张时,您可能会感到些许不适或压力。
有种新型组织扩张器使用的是二氧化碳。这种遥控扩张器会从内部储气罐释放气体。与盐水扩张相比,二氧化碳渐进扩张可以减少不适感。
待组织充分扩张后,外科医生会进行第二次手术,取出组织扩张器并在同一位置换上永久性植入物。
恢复
手术后的几周您可能会感到疲倦和疼痛。医生会开药来帮您缓解疼痛。
恢复正常活动可能需要 6 周或更长时间。在恢复期间要放松。
医生会告诉您禁忌的活动,例如避免高举重物或剧烈的体育活动。如果从手术中恢复过来似乎需要很长时间,不必大惊小怪,可能需要一到两年的时间才会感觉完全痊愈。
一般来说,乳房再造完成后,您需要每年与整形医生进行复诊,以监测重建的乳房。不过,如果您对再造有任何担忧,可以提前约诊。
After the procedure
After surgery, you may wear a stretchy bandage or support bra to keep swelling down and support the reconstructed breast. You may have a small tube under your skin for a time to drain blood or fluids. Your healthcare professional prescribes medicine to help manage your pain.
You may be tired and sore for several weeks after surgery. Getting back to usual activities takes time. Take it easy during this period.
You might need to restrict your activities. Follow your healthcare team's instructions on what activities are not OK. This may include not doing any overhead lifting or anything that could cause strain.
Contact your plastic surgeon right away if you have worries about your reconstruction.
乳头重建
如果您愿意,乳房重建也可能包括乳头重建,包括文身来重塑乳头周围的深色皮肤区域(乳晕)。
后期乳腺癌筛查
如果您只重建了一侧乳房,则需要定期对另一侧乳房进行乳腺 X 线摄影检查。重建后的乳房无需进行乳腺 X 线摄影检查。
您可以选择对自然乳房以及重建后的乳房皮肤和周围区域进行乳房自我检查。这可以帮助您熟悉术后乳房的变化,以便您对任何新变化保持警觉并将其报告给医生。
结果
在预期手术结果时,期望应贴近现实。乳房再造会带来很多好处,但在外观和感觉,这一手术并不能使您的乳房与乳房切除术之前的乳房相同。
乳房再造可为您提供:
- 良好的乳房外形
- 改善乳房对称性,使您的乳房在穿着衣物或泳衣时看起来基本一致
- 有助于避免在胸罩内使用假体(外部假体)
乳房再造可以帮助您:
- 提高您的自尊和身体意象
- 一定程度上消除癌症对身体的影响
- 需要进行额外的手术,以矫正与再造相关的问题
乳房再造无法:
- 使您的乳房外观与之前完全相同
- 使再造乳房给您带来与正常乳房一样的感觉