建议在孕期接种哪些疫苗，应该避免接种哪些疫苗？
回答 Mary Marnach, M.D.
一般来说，孕期可以接种含有已被杀死的病毒（灭活病毒）的疫苗。不建议孕期接种含有活病毒的疫苗。
孕期建议接种且可安全接种的疫苗包括：
- 流感疫苗。这也被称为流行性感冒疫苗。建议怀孕者在流感季接种该疫苗。流感疫苗由已被杀死的病毒制成，对怀孕者和胎儿来说都是安全的。请勿接种以活病毒制成的鼻喷剂型流感疫苗。
- 破伤风、白喉和百日咳疫苗。也被称为百白破疫苗。建议在孕期接种一剂百白破疫苗。无论您的上一剂百白破疫苗是在何时接种，都应在孕期接种一剂疫苗。孕期接种百白破疫苗有助于预防新生儿出现百日咳。尽量在怀孕 27 周至 36 周之间接种疫苗。
COVID-19 疫苗。无论过去是否接种过 COVID-19 疫苗，孕期都建议接种最新的 COVID-19 疫苗，这类疫苗在孕期可以安全接种。研究表明，COVID-19 疫苗不会对怀孕者或其胎儿构成任何严重风险。
如果您在接种两剂式 COVID-19 疫苗的第一剂后怀孕，建议您接种第二剂疫苗。此外，还建议怀孕者在合适的时机接种 COVID-19 加强针。与您同住的其他人也应尽可能接种 COVID-19 疫苗。这样可帮助预防疾病传播。
- 呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）疫苗。RSV 也是一种易传播的病毒，可能对婴儿带来危险。如您在秋冬季节怀孕满 32 到 36 周，建议您接种 RSV 疫苗 Abrysvo。这是因为病毒主要在秋冬季节传播。
孕期接种 COVID-19 疫苗、流感疫苗、RSV 疫苗和 Tdap 疫苗可预防感染。这些疫苗还可在新生儿出生后至可接种疫苗前的这段时间为新生儿提供保护。这很重要，因为与年龄较大的儿童相比，1 岁以下幼儿患重症 COVID-19 的风险可能更高。另外，流感、RSV 和百日咳对婴儿可能非常危险。
如果您发生某些感染的风险较高，专业医护人员可能会建议您在孕期接种其他疫苗。比如，一些怀孕者需要接种乙型肝炎疫苗。
专业医护人员可能会建议您在孕期不要接种含有活病毒的疫苗。这类疫苗可能会对发育中的胎儿构成风险。例如，以下疫苗含有活病毒，不建议怀孕期间接种：
- 水痘疫苗。
- 麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹（MMR）联合疫苗。
虽然带状疱疹疫苗（Shingrix）不含活病毒，但建议怀孕者推迟接种。
如果您在备孕，请向专业医护人员咨询情况。请询问您在备孕前可能需要接种哪些疫苗。
显示参考文献
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Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/vaccines-during-pregnancy/faq-20057799