碳水化合物不是有害物质,不过有些碳水化合物可能比其他碳水化合物更加健康。了解为什么碳水化合物对健康很重要,以及如何选择碳水化合物。
来自妙佑医疗国际员工
碳水化合物经常落得一个坏名声,尤其是在体重增长方面。但碳水化合物并非一无是处。因为碳水化合物具有许多健康益处,所以它会在您的饮食中占据应有的地位。事实上,身体需要碳水化合物才能正常工作。
但是,某些类型的碳水化合物可能比其他类型更适合您。进一步了解碳水化合物以及如何做出健康的饮食选择。
碳水化合物是一种存在于许多食物和饮料中的宏量营养素。大多数碳水化合物天然存在于谷物等植物性食物中。食品制造商也会将碳水化合物以淀粉或添加糖的形式添加到加工食品中。
天然碳水化合物的常见来源包括:
- 水果
- 蔬菜
- 牛奶
- 坚果
- 谷物
- 种子
- 豆子、豌豆和扁豆
碳水化合物主要分为三种类型:
- 糖分。糖是最简单的碳水化合物,天然存在于水果、蔬菜、牛奶和奶制品等某些食物中。糖有几种类型,包括水果中的糖(果糖)、餐桌糖(蔗糖)和奶中的糖(乳糖)。饼干、含糖饮料和糖果等许多食物中都可能含有添加糖。
- 淀粉。淀粉是一种复杂的碳水化合物,由多个糖单元组成。淀粉天然存在于蔬菜、谷物、煮熟的干豆和豌豆中。
- 纤维。纤维也是一种复杂碳水化合物。纤维天然存在于水果、蔬菜、全谷物、煮熟的干豆和豌豆中。
产品标签上经常出现“低碳水化合物”或“碳水化合物净含量”的字眼。但美国食品药品管理局没有使用这些术语,因此没有标准的含义。“碳水化合物净含量”一般是指减去纤维或纤维和糖醇后产品中碳水化合物的含量。
您可能也听过关于升糖指数的讨论。升糖指数根据含碳水化合物的食物升高血糖水平的能力对它们进行分类。
基于升糖指数的减重食谱通常建议限制升糖指数较高的食物。升糖指数排名相对较高的食物包括土豆和白面包,以及精制面粉制成的零食和甜食。
许多健康食物升糖指数天然较低。例如全谷物、豆类、蔬菜、水果和低脂奶制品。
《美国居民膳食指南》建议碳水化合物占每天摄入总热量的 45% 到 65%。
所以,如果您一天摄入 2000 卡路里,那么应该有 900 到 1300 卡路里来自碳水化合物。这意味着每天摄入 225 到 325 克碳水化合物。
您可以在营养成分表标签上找到包装食品的碳水化合物含量。标签上会显示碳水化合物的总量,包括纤维、总糖和添加糖。
尽管有很多关于碳水化合物的负面评价,但是由于种种原因它对健康至关重要。
提供能量
碳水化合物是身体的主要燃料来源。在消化过程中,糖和淀粉会被分解成单糖。然后被吸收到血液中,变成血糖。
接着,葡萄糖会在胰岛素的作用下进入人体细胞。葡萄糖为身体提供能量。葡萄糖为您各项活动提供能量,包括慢跑,甚至呼吸和思考。多余的葡萄糖会储存在肝脏、肌肉和其他细胞中供以后使用,或转化为脂肪。
预防疾病
一些证据表明,全谷物和天然食品中的膳食纤维有助于降低患心脏病和卒中的风险。纤维还可以防止肥胖症、结肠和直肠癌,以及 2 型糖尿病。纤维对于最佳消化系统健康必不可少。
控制体重
有证据表明,多吃水果、蔬菜和全谷物可能有助于控制体重。它们的体积和纤维含量容易产生饱腹感,减少卡路里摄入,从而有助于控制体重。尽管低碳水化合物饮食的支持者宣扬低碳水化合物,但并没有太多研究能够证明富含健康碳水化合物的饮食会导致体重增长或肥胖症。
碳水化合物是健康饮食的重要组成部分,提供许多重要的营养物质。然而,并不是所有碳水化合物都对您有同样的好处。
以下是使健康的碳水化合物在均衡饮食中发挥作用的方法:
- 多摄入富含纤维的水果和蔬菜。目标是没有添加糖的新鲜完整、冷冻或罐装的水果和蔬菜。还可以摄入定量的果汁和干果,这些是天然糖的浓缩来源,热量也更高。完整的水果和蔬菜对健康有诸多好处,它们增加纤维、水分和体积,用较少的热量就能增强饱腹感。
- 选择全谷物。对比细粮,全谷物是更好的纤维和其他重要营养素来源,其中包括维生素 B。细粮的加工过程会去除部分谷物以及一些营养素和纤维。
- 坚持食用低脂奶制品。牛奶、奶酪、酸奶和其他奶制品是优质的钙、蛋白质、维生素 D、钾以及许多其他维生素和矿物质来源。选择低脂乳制品,有助于限制热量和饱和脂肪。注意含有添加糖的奶制品。
- 多吃大豆、豌豆和扁豆。大豆、豌豆和扁豆是做法最多且最有营养的食物之一。它们的脂肪含量低,而叶酸、钾、铁和镁含量高,豆类还含有有益的脂肪和纤维。这些是优质的蛋白质来源,可以作为含有更多饱和脂肪和胆固醇的肉类的健康替代品。
- 限制添加糖。少量添加糖可能无害。但摄入任何数量的添加糖对健康都没有好处,比如饼干和糕点。《美国人膳食指南》建议,每日从添加糖摄入的热量应少于 10%。含糖饮料或食物摄入过多也会使您摄入超过每天所需的热量。
因此,请明智地选择碳水化合物。限制含添加糖的食物和细粮,例如含糖饮料、甜食和糖果,这些食物富含热量,但营养含量低。而要多吃水果、蔬菜和全谷物。
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
The amount of carbs you depends on a few factors. Examples are how active you are, your age and any health conditions you're managing.
Health research suggests that people need at least 130 grams of carbohydrates every day to meet the body's energy needs. That amount represents about 25% of calories in a 2,000 calorie diet. But the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that carbohydrates make up 45% to 65% of total daily calories.
So if you aim to take in 2,000 calories a day, between 900 and 1,300 calories should be from carbohydrates. In general, sugar or starch gives you about 4 calories a gram, so that's between 225 and 325 grams of carbs a day.
For packaged food, you can find the amount of carbohydrates on the Nutrition Facts label. The label shows total carbohydrates, which can include fiber, total sugars and added sugars.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Carbohydrates are an essential part of a healthy diet, and they provide many important nutrients. Still, not all carbs give you the same health benefits. Here are some general tips on how to make healthy carbohydrates work in a balanced diet.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Eating a meal that combines carbs, fat and protein may lead to a better glucose response.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Whole fruits and vegetables are great for your health. They add nutrients and beneficial compounds to the diet as well as fiber and water. Aim for whole fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables without added sugar. Or have measured portions of fruit juices and dried fruits, which are concentrated sources of natural sugar and have more calories.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Whole grains are packed with good nutrition. As a whole food, grains can provide vitamins, minerals, fat, protein, fiber and other beneficial compounds. Aim for at least half of your grains to be whole and not refined. When grains are refined, they go through a process that strips out parts of the grain along with some of the nutrients and fiber. For refined grains, choose those that are enriched with B vitamins, iron and folic acid.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Milk, cheese, yogurt and other dairy products are good sources of calcium, protein, vitamin D, potassium, and other vitamins and minerals. Choose low-fat versions to help limit calories and saturated fat. And watch out for dairy products that have added sugar.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
These protein-packed vegetables are among the most versatile and nutritious foods. They add fiber, vitamins, minerals, plant-based iron and health-supporting fats to the diet. They are a good source of protein and can be a healthy substitute for meat, which has more saturated fat and cholesterol.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Without any nutrients, food and drinks with added sugar raise the amount of calories in your diet. These items include sugar-sweetened drinks, frozen dairy desserts or desserts such as cake or cookies. Check the Nutrition Facts label for added sugar to keep track. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend getting less than 10% of your daily calories from added sugar. Eating or drinking too many foods with added sugar can cause you to take in more than the calories you need each day.
Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet
Your activity level, diet, insulin response and gut all factor into what carbs are best for you. With attention to your needs, and some limits, you can make any carb part of a healthy diet. If you have questions, talk with your healthcare professional.
显示参考文献
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- Feldman M, et al. Digestion and absorption of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 8, 2024.
- Libby P, et al., eds. Nutrition and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 10, 2024.
- 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov. Accessed Oct. 8, 2024.
- How to understand and use the Nutrition Facts label. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/how-understand-and-use-nutrition-facts-label. Accessed Oct. 8, 2024.
Jan. 24, 2025Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/carbohydrates/art-20045705