您可能认为自己已经不再是小孩，因此无需接种疫苗，但成人也需要接种疫苗。下文介绍如何掌握疫苗接种问题。
美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）建议，成人应根据年龄、曾接种疫苗、健康状况、生活方式、职业、旅行目的地和性行为等安排疫苗接种。
欲收集关于您接种疫苗状况的信息，请与您的父母或其他照护者谈谈。请向医务人员的诊室咨询。如有必要，您可以向您以前接受过治疗的医疗机构进行查询。或者向要求疫苗接种的学校或雇主查询。还可以联系您所在州的卫生部门，看看是否设有包括成人免疫的登记处。
如果您找不到病历，医务人员可能会安排您进行血液检测，看看您是否对疫苗预防的特定疾病有免疫力。您可能需要再次接种疫苗。
与医务人员讨论您的具体需求。应考虑接种的成人疫苗包括：
- COVID-19。2019 冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疫苗可防止感染 COVID-19，或者防止因 COVID-19 导致的病情加重或死亡。
- 流感（流行性感冒）。CDC 建议年满 6 个月的人群每年接种流感疫苗，以预防流行性感冒。年满 50 岁的成人不应采用流感疫苗鼻喷剂。若老年人患流行性感冒，可能引发严重并发症。
- 乙型肝炎。CDC 建议 19 至 59 岁的所有成人接种乙型肝炎疫苗。该疫苗也推荐给有乙肝风险因素的年满 60 岁者。没有已知风险因素的年满 60 岁者不建议接种。但是，如果您属于该人群且您愿意，您可以接种乙型肝炎疫苗。乙型肝炎是一种影响肝脏的疾病。
- 人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）。CDC 建议 11 岁或 12 岁的男女生接种 HPV 疫苗。15 至 26 岁才开始接种该疫苗的青少年和年轻人应接种三剂疫苗。美国食品药品管理局也批准将 HPV 疫苗加卫苗 9 用于 9 至 45 岁男性和女性。HPV 是常见的致癌病毒。
- 肺炎球菌疫苗。CDC 建议年满 65 岁者接种肺炎球菌疫苗，该疫苗分为两种。患肺炎球菌疾病风险较高的年轻人可能也需要接种一剂疫苗。肺炎球菌疾病会导致肺炎、脑膜炎和血流感染等感染。
- 带状疱疹。CDC 建议年满 50 岁的健康成人接种欣安立适疫苗，用以预防带状疱疹。该疫苗有两剂。带状疱疹虽不致命，但非常疼。
- 破伤风、白喉、百日咳（Tdap）。其中一剂 Tdap 通常在 11 或 12 岁注射。如果您从未注射过 Tdap 疫苗，CDC 建议尽快接种该疫苗。另外，也建议每次怀孕期间注射一剂 Tdap 疫苗，最好是孕 27 周至 36 周之间。Tdap 使您免受牙关紧闭（破伤风）、百日咳和白喉的侵害，此类疾病均会导致呼吸问题。建议每 10 年注射一剂加强针。
为帮助跟踪个人疫苗接种情况，请向医务人员索取免疫记录表。每次保健就诊时，请随身携带该表格。每次接种疫苗后，要求医务人员在表格上签名并附上日期。
显示参考文献
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- FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm622715.htm. Accessed July 15, 2019.
- Schedule changes and guidance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/schedule-changes.html#adult. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.
- Benefits of getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.
- Hepatitis B vaccination of adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/vaccadults.htm. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/vaccines/art-20046750