概述
冻伤是指皮肤和下面的组织在暴露于极冷的温度后发生冻结性损伤。冻伤会产生寒冷感,之后会感觉麻木。随着冻伤加重,患处皮肤可能会改变颜色、发硬或外观若蜡质。
最容易受影响的部位是手指、脚趾、耳朵、脸颊、下巴和鼻尖。
何时寻求紧急救助
如有下列情况,应寻求急救护理:
- 即使在服用止痛药和复温后,也感觉剧烈疼痛。
- 剧烈战栗。
- 言语不清。
- 困倦。
- 行走困难。
- 疑似失温。失温的体征包括剧烈战栗、困倦、意识模糊、手脚笨拙和言语不清。
治疗方法
您可以自己治疗轻度冻伤(亚冻伤)。所有其他冻伤都需要就医。冻伤的急救步骤如下:
应避免什么
- 不要用雪或其他东西摩擦患处。
- 尽量不要用冻伤的脚或脚趾走路。
- 不要用火炉、加热灯、壁炉或加热垫等直接加热的方法重新加热冻伤的皮肤。这样做会引起烧伤。
- 不要饮酒。
- 请勿直接加热。例如,不要用加热垫、热灯、吹风机或汽车暖风装置给皮肤加温。
显示参考文献
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- Frostbite. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/cold-injury/frostbite. Accessed July 16, 2020.
- Walls RM, et al., eds. Hypothermia, frostbite and nonfreezing cold injuries. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Sept. 12, 2023.
- Leikin JB, et al., eds. Frostbite. In: American Medical Association Handbook of First Aid and Emergency Care. Rev. ed. Random House; 2013.
- Schmitt BD. Frostbite and cold exposure. In: Pediatric Telephone Protocols: Office Version. 17th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.
- Prevent hypothermia and frostbite. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/winter/staysafe/hypothermia.html. Accessed April 1, 2024.
- Buttaravoli P, et al., eds. Frostnip, frostbite, and mild hypothermia. In: Minor Emergencies. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Sept. 12, 2022.
April 04, 2024Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-frostbite/basics/art-20056653