食源性疾病：急救

所有食物都天然带有少量细菌。但食物的处理、烹饪或存储不当可能导致细菌滋生到足以致病的程度。寄生虫、病毒、毒素和化学物质也会污染食物和导致生病。

食物中毒的症状因污染源而异，一般包括：

重度脱水时，您可能会出现以下症状：

吃了受污染的食物后是否生病取决于微生物、暴露量、年龄和健康状况。

高风险人群包括：

如果您发生食物中毒：

小口补充水分，例如运动饮料或水，预防脱水。饮用液体过急可能会加剧恶心和呕吐，因此请尝试在几小时内多次少量饮用，不要一次大量饮用。
注意排尿情况。您应定时排尿，尿液应色浅且澄清。间隔较长时间排出深色尿液是脱水的体征。头晕和头重脚轻也是脱水的症状。如出现上述任一症状，且无法饮用足够液体，请就医。
避免止泻药。这些药物可能会减缓清除体内微生物或毒素的速度。如有疑问，与医生核实您的特殊情况。

婴幼儿不应服用止泻药，否则可能引发严重副作用。

食源性疾病通常会在几天内自行好转。

如属以下情况，请联系医生：

如属以下情况，请寻求紧急医疗救助：

出现重度症状，例如严重腹痛或水样腹泻在 24 小时内转为血便。
您属于高危人群。
怀疑为肉毒中毒。肉毒中毒由于吸收了食物中某些孢子的毒素所导致，是可能致命的食物中毒。肉毒中毒的毒素常见于自制罐头食物，尤其是四季豆或番茄。

肉毒中毒的症状通常发生于进食受污染的食物后 12 至 36 小时内，可能包括头痛、视力模糊、肌无力以及最终的瘫痪。有些人还会出现恶心和呕吐、便秘、尿潴留、呼吸困难和口腔干燥症。如出现这些症状，需立即就医。

Seek medical help right away if:

Symptoms are severe, including severe belly pain or watery diarrhea that turns very bloody within 24 hours.
You or the affected person is considered part of a high-risk group. These groups include:
- Older adults.
- Infants and young children.
- Pregnant people.
- People with an ongoing condition, such as diabetes or AIDS.
- People receiving treatment for cancer, including chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Botulism poisoning is suspected. Botulism is a potentially fatal food poisoning that results from the ingestion of a toxin formed by certain spores in food. Botulism toxin is most often found in home-canned foods, especially green beans or tomatoes.

Symptoms of botulism usually begin 12 to 36 hours after eating the contaminated food and may include headache, blurred vision, muscle weakness and eventual paralysis. Some people also have nausea and vomiting, constipation, difficulty breathing, dry mouth, or are not able to urinate. These symptoms require immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of food poisoning vary with the source of contamination. They may include:

If you are very dehydrated, you might notice:

Whether you become ill after eating contaminated food depends on the organism, the amount of exposure, your age and your health.

Sip liquids, such as a sports drink or water, to prevent dehydration. Drinking fluids too quickly can worsen nausea and vomiting, so try to take small frequent sips over a couple of hours instead of drinking a large amount at once.
Take note of urination. You should be urinating at regular intervals, and your urine should be light and clear. Occasional passage of dark urine is a sign of dehydration. Dizziness and lightheadedness also are symptoms of dehydration. If you notice any of these symptoms and you can't drink enough fluids, seek medical attention.
Avoid anti-diarrheal medicines. They may slow your body's removal of organisms or toxins from your system. If in doubt, check with a healthcare professional about your situation.

Do not give infants or young children anti-diarrheal medicines because of possible serious side effects.

Foodborne illness often improves on its own within a few days.

Call a healthcare professional if:

Kellerman RD, et al. Foodborne illnesses. In: Conn's Current Therapy 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 3, 2022.
People at risk of foodborne illness. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/people-risk-foodborne-illness#foods-to-avoid. Accessed Aug. 3, 2022.
What you need to know about foodborne illness. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/what-you-need-know-about-foodborne-illnesses. Accessed Aug. 3, 2022.
Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis. Accessed Aug. 3, 2022.
LaRocque R, et al. Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-rich settings. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 3, 2022.

Aug. 06, 2024

食源性疾病