烧伤是由热液体、阳光、火焰、化学物质、电、蒸汽或其他原因造成的组织损伤。因热饮、热汤和微波食品而导致的厨房相关烫伤在儿童中很常见。
严重烧伤需要紧急医疗救助。轻微的烧伤通常可以通过急救进行治疗。
如果有以下严重烧伤情况,请拨打 911 或立即寻求护理:
- 深度烧伤,伤及各个皮肤层
- 皮肤干燥且且坚韧粗糙
- 可能呈烧焦状或有白色、棕色或黑色斑块
- 覆盖范围直径大于 8 厘米(约 3 英寸)
- 涉及手、脚、面部、腹股沟、臀部或主要关节,或环绕手臂或腿部
- 伴有烟雾吸入
- 开始迅速肿胀
电灼伤,包括闪电造成的灼伤和严重化学灼伤,需要进行紧急医疗护理。如果轻度灼伤影响到眼睛、嘴巴、手部或生殖器区域,可能也需要急救护理。婴儿和老人轻度灼伤可能也需要急救护理。
在紧急救援到达之前:
- 保护烧伤患者免受进一步的伤害。如果可以安全地进行操作,请确保您帮助的人没有与灼伤源接触。对于电灼伤,在接近烧伤患者之前,请确保电源已关闭。不要试图移除卡在烧伤处的衣物。
- 确定烧伤患者有呼吸。如果需要而且您知道如何操作,请尝试人工呼吸。
- 取下首饰、腰带和其他紧身物品,尤其是烧伤部位和颈部周围。烧伤部位会快速肿胀。
- 遮盖烧伤部位。用纱布或干净的布将患处松散地覆盖。
- 抬高烧伤部位。如有可能,将伤口抬高至心脏水平以上。
- 注意休克体征。症状和体征包括皮肤湿冷、脉搏微弱和呼吸变浅。
针对轻度烫伤:
- 冷却烫伤部位。烫伤部位用流动的凉水(而不是冰冷的水)冲淋 10 分钟左右。如果是面部烫伤,用凉水浸湿毛巾敷在伤处,直到疼痛缓解。如果是食物或热饮烫伤口腔,将冰块含在嘴里几分钟。
- 从烫伤部位取下戒指或其他紧固的物品。在该部位肿胀之前,尽量做到快速且轻轻地取下这些物品。
- 不要戳破水疱。水疱可防止感染。如果水疱破裂,用水轻轻清洗水疱处,然后涂抹抗生素药膏。
- 涂抹乳液。伤处冷却后,涂抹乳液,例如含芦荟或可可脂的乳液。这有助于防止干燥和缓解疼痛。
- 用绷带包扎。用干净的绷带包扎烫伤处。包扎得松一些,以免压迫烫伤的皮肤。包扎可避免空气接触该部位,减轻疼痛并保护起疱皮肤。
- 如果需要,请服用非处方类止痛药,例如布洛芬(Advil、Motrin IB 等)、萘普生钠(Aleve)或对乙酰氨基酚(Tylenol 等)。
Burns: First aid
For minor burns, follow these first-aid guidelines:
- Cool the burn. Hold the area under cool running water for about 10 minutes. If this isn't possible or if the burn is on the face, apply a cool, wet cloth until the pain eases. For a mouth burn from hot food or drink, put a piece of ice in the mouth for a few minutes.
- Remove rings or other tight items. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the burned area swells.
- Apply lotion. After the burn is cooled, apply a lotion, such as one with aloe vera or cocoa butter. This helps prevent drying.
- Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a clean bandage. Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.
- If needed, take a nonprescription pain reliever, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
Burns: First aid
- Don't use cold water to cool the burn.
- Don't break blisters. Blisters help protect against infection. If a blister does break, gently clean the area with water and apply an antibiotic ointment.
- Don't try to remove clothing stuck in the burn.
Burns: First aid
If you haven't had a tetanus shot in the past five years and the burn is deep, you may need a booster shot. Try to get this within 48 hours of the injury.
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May 09, 2024Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-burns/basics/art-20056649