危及生命的过敏反应（严重过敏反应）可能导致休克、血压骤降和呼吸困难。过敏人群可能在接触特定致敏物质（过敏原）后数分钟发生严重过敏反应。一些情况下，可能出现延迟反应，也可能在没有明显诱因的情况下出现严重过敏反应。
- 立即拨打 911 或当地医疗急救电话。
- 询问患者有没有携带治疗过敏发作的肾上腺素自动注射器（EpiPen、Auvi-Q 等）。
- 如果对方需要使用自动注射器，询问是否需要您帮忙注射药物。通常是将自动注射器按压在患者的大腿完成注射。
- 让患者面部朝上躺着并保持不动。
- 解开紧身衣物，并给患者盖上毯子。不要给患者喝任何东西。
- 如果患者呕吐或口出血，让其侧躺以防止呛噎。
- 如果患者没有呼吸、咳嗽或活动的迹象，开始 CPR。按照每分钟 100 次的频率做不间断的胸部按压，直到医护人员到来。
- 即使症状开始好转，也要接受紧急治疗。出现严重过敏反应后，症状有可能复发。一般必须在医院里监护几个小时。
如果您身边的人出现严重过敏反应的症状，不要等着看症状是否会好转。立即寻求紧急治疗。严重的情况下，严重过敏反应不经治疗可能在半小时内致人死亡。
苯海拉明（Benadryl）之类的抗组胺药不足以治疗严重过敏反应。这些药物可以帮助缓解过敏症状，但对严重的反应起效太慢。
- 荨麻疹、瘙痒、皮肤发红或颜色改变等皮肤反应
- 面部、眼睛、嘴唇或咽喉肿胀
- 气道变窄，引起哮鸣和呼吸或吞咽困难
- 脉搏微弱而快速
- 恶心、呕吐或腹泻
- 头晕、昏厥或昏迷
严重过敏反应的常见诱因包括：
- 药物
- 乳胶
- 花生、坚果、鱼和贝类等食物
- 蜜蜂、胡蜂、黄蜂、大黄蜂和火蚁等昆虫的叮咬
如果您过去出现过严重的过敏反应，请咨询医生是否应该给您开具随身携带的肾上腺素自动注射器。
After you call 911 or your local medical emergency number, do the following:
- Ask if the person is carrying an epinephrine autoinjector (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others) to treat an allergic attack.
- If the person needs to use an autoinjector, ask whether you should help inject the medicine. This most often is done by pressing the autoinjector against the person's thigh.
- Have the person lie face up and be still.
- Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket.
- If there's vomiting or bleeding from the mouth, turn the person to the side to prevent choking.
- If there are no signs of breathing, coughing or movement, begin CPR. Keep doing about 100 chest presses every minute until paramedics arrive.
An antihistamine pill, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), isn't enough to treat anaphylaxis. These medicines can help relieve allergy symptoms, but they work too slowly in a severe reaction.
Don't give a person who has anaphylaxis anything to drink.
Anaphylaxis: First aid
If you've had any kind of severe allergic reaction in the past, ask your healthcare professional if you should be prescribed an epinephrine autoinjector to carry with you.
显示参考文献
- Anaphylaxis. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/immunology-allergic-disorders/allergic,-autoimmune,-and-other-hypersensitivity-disorders/anaphylaxis. Accessed June 7, 2022.
- AskMayoExpert. Anaphylaxis. Mayo Clinic; 2022.
- Anaphylaxis. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/anaphylaxis. Accessed June 7, 2022.
- McHugh K, et al. Anaphylaxis: Emergency department treatment. Emergency Medical Clinics of North America. 2022; doi:10.1016/j.emc.2021.08.004.
- Burks AW, et al. Anaphylaxis. In: Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 7, 2022.
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-anaphylaxis/basics/art-20056608