卡痛叶被推广为一种缓解阿片类药物戒断症状的治疗方法。但它本身也会导致成瘾和戒断症状。
如果您长期服用诸如羟考酮(Oxycontin、Roxicodone 等)之类的止痛药,您的身体就会逐渐习惯这些药物,并可能产生依赖。因此,当您停用这些药物时,您可能会出现不适的身体症状,尤其是突然停药时。这些症状包括出汗、呕吐、发热、激越和焦虑。您可能会觉得自己患流感了。这些症状是戒断过程的一部分,可能持续数天至数周。
由于戒断通常很难忍,因此许多人都在寻找能减轻这些症状的方法。还有一些人则试图通过服用药物或其他物质来减轻症状。其中一种物质是卡痛叶。
卡痛叶是一种东南亚常青树(美丽帽柱木)树叶的草本提取物,被作为戒断治疗物而推销。虽然卡痛叶在美国的一些州作为膳食补充剂销售,但它并未获得美国食品药品管理局(FDA)的批准,不可用于任何医疗用途。FDA 警告人们不要使用卡痛叶,因其具有成瘾、滥用和依赖风险。卡痛叶在部分州和部分国家属于违禁物质。
在亚洲,人们使用少量的卡痛叶来缓解疲劳或治疗阿片类药物成瘾。世界其他地方的人也服用卡痛叶,试图缓解阿片类药物戒断症状、增加活力、减轻疼痛或者缓解焦虑或抑郁。人们服用卡痛叶缓解戒断症状的原因是卡痛叶会使其感到快乐,而且可能比处方戒断药更容易获得。
研究人员已针对将卡痛叶作为缓解戒断症状的潜在治疗方法进行了研究。但有证据表明,使用卡痛叶非但不能治疗成瘾和戒断症状,反而可能导致这些问题。市售卡痛叶产品并非“天然”产品,通常含有大量成瘾物质。卡痛叶还可能含有危险的污染物,包括重金属和有害细菌。
长期使用卡痛叶的人可能会成瘾,并需要使用与治疗阿片类药物成瘾(目前称为阿片类药物使用障碍)相同的药物。这些药物包括丁丙诺啡(Brixadi、Sublocade)和丁丙诺啡-纳洛酮(Suboxone、Zubsolv)。如果在怀孕期间使用卡痛叶,婴儿出生后可能出现先天性的戒断症状。
与止痛药和消遣性药物一样,卡痛叶也有可能服用过量。但这种情况较为罕见。卡痛叶服用过量的治疗与阿片类药物服用过量的治疗相似,包括使用纳洛酮(Narcan、Kloxxado 等)和立即就医。
尽管人们可能会享受卡痛叶产生的良好感觉,但并没有研究证明卡痛叶是阿片类药物戒断的有效治疗方法。少数患者在服用卡痛叶后死亡,但相比其他药物导致的死亡而言人数较少。
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April 17, 2024Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/kratom-opioid-withdrawal/art-20402170