面包屑
<时间表

疫苗接种要求简史和疫苗研究的高光时刻 1855 年到 2021 年

了解美国主要疫苗接种要求的发展历史和妙佑医疗国际疫苗研究的高光时刻。

1855 年

进行天花疫苗接种的人群

马萨诸塞州率先要求儿童在上学前接种天花疫苗，以防止天花在学校传播。

1900 年代

孩子们在学校操场上

美国多个州要求儿童在首次入学前（进入学前班前）接种疫苗，例如天花疫苗。

1963 年

两位男性科学家举着一瓶风疹疫苗在观察

美国有 20 个州要求（强制规定）儿童在开始上学前必须接种数种疫苗。

1977 年

一位母亲和三个孩子，其中一个孩子正准备由护士接种疫苗。

美国启动一项儿童疫苗接种倡议项目，要在两年内将全国接种疫苗的儿童人数提高到 90%。

2020 年

1980 年

一个孩子坐在教室里等待护士为其接种疫苗。

美国所有州均有与儿童入学前进行疫苗接种相关的法律。部分州对部分疫苗有强制要求。

1998 年

一群孩子坐在教室的地板上听老师讲课

到 1998-1999 年，除四个州外，美国其他所有州都对学前班至十二年级的学生设有疫苗接种要求（强制规定）。

2020 年

一名幼童走过游戏场中铺在地上的美国地图

一项名为“2020 年健康人群”的美国全国倡议项目提出了疫苗接种和传染病控制的目标。

2021 年

一个人手持小药瓶和针。

妙佑医疗国际的研究人员继续从多个方面对疫苗进行探索。研究领域包括……

  1. Plotkin SA, et al., eds. Plotkin’s Vaccines. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 8, 2021.
  2. Blake JB. Benjamin Waterhouse and the introduction of vaccination. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press. 1987;doi:10.1093/clinids/9.5.1044.
  3. Desmond A, et al. On the shoulders of giants — From Jenner's cowpox to mRNA Covid vaccines. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2021; doi:10.1056/NEJMp2034334.
  4. Saleh A, et al. Vaccine development throughout history. Cureus. 2021; doi:10.7759/cureus.16635.
  5. The history of vaccines. College of Physicians of Philadelphia. https://www.historyofvaccines.org. Accessed Oct. 7, 2021.
  6. Stokes J, et al. Trivalent combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. JAMA. 1971;218:57.
  7. Klein NP. Licensed pertussis vaccine in the United States: History and current state. 2014; doi:10.4161/hv.29576.
  8. Influenza historic timeline. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:// archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pandemic-timeline-1930-and-beyond.htm. Accessed Nov. 14, 2024.
  9. Poland GA, et al. Development of vaccines against Zika virus. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 2018; doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30063-X.
  10. Poland GA, et al. Zika vaccine development: Current status. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2019; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.016.
  11. Li YD, et al. Coronavirus vaccine development: From SARS and MERS to COVID-19. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2020; doi:10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2.
  12. Dolgin E. The tangled history of mRNA vaccines. Nature. 2021; doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w.
  13. Goodman RA, et al., eds. Vaccination mandates: The public health imperative and individual rights. In: Law in Public Health Practice. Oxford University Press; 2007.
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current trends childhood immunization initiative, United States — 5-year follow up. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1982; http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001091.htm. Accessed Oct. 7, 2021.
  15. Vaccination. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https:// odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination. Accessed Nov. 13, 2024.
  16. The history of vaccines. History of the immunization schedule. College of Physicians of Philadelphia. https:// historyofvaccines.org/activities/history-immunization-schedule. Accessed Nov. 13, 2024.
  17. NCIRD national surveillance materials and resources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:// www.cdc.gov/ncird-surveillance/resources/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ncird/surveillance/materials-resources.html. Accessed Nov. 13, 2024.
  18. Roush SW, et al. Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007; doi:10.1001/jama.298.18.2155.
  19. Poland GA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Sept. 17, 2021.
  20. Benefits of the flu vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:// www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/benefits/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/vaccineeffect.htm. Accessed Nov. 13, 2024.
  21. 1918 pandemic influenza timeline. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?archive_url=https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/pandemic-timeline-1918.htm. Accessed Nov. 14, 2024.
  22. Safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/safety-of-vaccines.html. Accessed Oct. 8, 2021.
  23. COVID-19 vaccine basics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:// www.cdc.gov/covid/vaccines/how-they-work.html#cdc_vaccine_basics_types-types-of-vaccines. Accessed Nov. 20, 2024.
  24. COVID-19 vaccines. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/covid-19-vaccines. Accessed Dec. 2, 2024.
  25. Poland GA, et al. The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011; doi:10.1056/NEJMp1010594.
  26. Clapesattle H. The Doctors Mayo. The University of Minnesota Press; 1941.
  27. Saint Mary's isolation hospital during the influenza pandemic. Saint Marys Hospital Annals; 1918.
  28. Harren R. Olmsted County in the grippe of Spanish influenza. The Scribe. History Center of Olmsted Country. 2018.
  29. Strand PK. A century of caring: 1889-1989. Saint Marys Hospital; 1988.
  30. Mayo Clinic: The battle plan for H1N1. Mayo Alumni Magazine; 2009.
  31. First polio vaccine delivery. MayoVox. Mayo Clinic; 1955.
  32. Rosenow EC. Prophylactic inoculation against respiratory infections during the present pandemic of influenza: Preliminary report. Mayo Clinic; 1918.
  33. Rules concerning the report of contagious diseases. The Clinic Bulletin. 1919;1;1.
  34. Maltezou HA, et al. Immunization of health-care providers: Necessity and public-health policies. Healthcare. 2016; doi:10.3390/healthcare4030047.
  35. Voigt EA, et al. Defending against smallpox: A focus on vaccines. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2016; doi:10.1080/14760584.2016.1175305.
  36. Wright GH, et al. Effect of reduced dose schedules and intramuscular injection of anthrax vaccine adsorbed on immunological response and safety profile: A randomized trial. Vaccine. 2014; doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.039.
  37. Spikevax. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:// www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/spikevax. Accessed Dec. 2, 2024.
  38. Infectious Disease. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https:// odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/infectious-disease. Accessed Nov. 13, 2024.
  39. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19). Accessed Nov. 27, 2024.
  40. FDA approves and authorizes updated mRNA COVID-19 vaccines to better protect against currently circulating variants. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-and-authorizes-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently. Accessed Dec. 6, 2024.