1945 年流感(流行性感冒)

流感(流行性感冒)史:疫情暴发和疫苗研制时间线

了解流感疫情、流感(流行性感冒)疫苗及其影响。

戴着口罩的护士在医院内协助一名躺在床上的患者

护士在协助流感患者

在 1918 年至 1919 年流感疫情期间,护士在 Walter Reed 医院的流感病房内协助患者。

1918 年

一场流感(流行性感冒)疫情席卷而来。这次流感疫情由一种新型 H1N1 流感毒株引起。在纽约,流感患者被要求居家隔离。在芝加哥,电影院和剧院关闭,公共集会被禁止。在旧金山,公共部门工作人员必须佩戴口罩,其他民众也被鼓励佩戴口罩。美国公共卫生协会建议人们避免乘坐公共交通工具。在接近妙佑医疗国际的明尼苏达州东南部,许多公共场所纷纷关闭,例如电影院、教堂、集会场所和部分学校。

这场流感疫情从 1918 年一直持续到 1920 年。从 1918 年春到 1919 年春,美国有 55 万多人因流感死亡,全球死亡人数超过 2000 万。

1918 年秋的妙佑医疗国际,流感患者和其他传染病患者在隔离医院中得到护理。将感染这些的疾病的患者隔离并保持高水平的清洁标准,很可能防止了感染并挽救了生命。隔离医院有 40 张床位,很快就满员了。医院的医务人员短缺,每位员工都必须根据需要提供帮助。例如,护士有时会协助处理厨房和洗衣房的工作。

妙佑医疗国际的 Edward C. Rosenow 医生发明了一种由混合疫苗组成的流感血清,里面含有肺炎的致病细菌。Rosenow 医生将血清免费提供给罗切斯特的居民。尽管 Rosenow 医生并未声明这种血清能有效预防流感,但他指出,血清不会造成伤害,而且可能有助于提供一定的保护作用。妙佑医疗国际接到了大量索取血清的请求,并将血清送往明尼苏达州及中西部地区的人们手中。最终,这种血清并没有起到预防流感的疫苗作用。但它可能给人们提供了保护,在感染流感后免受肺炎的侵害。

在 1918 年至 1919 年流感疫情期间,戴口罩的军人在医院排队

戴口罩的军人

在 1918 年和 1919 年流感疫情期间,戴口罩的军人在一所美军医院排队。

1930 和 1940 年代

研究人员研究流感病毒并开发流感疫苗。最初,能够接种流感疫苗者主要是军人。

1945 年

首个流感疫苗获批用于美国军人以外的人群。

1957-1958 年

一种新型 H2N2 流感毒株再次引发流感疫情。美国约有 11.6 万人死亡,全球约有 110 万人死亡。

1960 年

为了应对 1957 年至 1958 年的流感疫情,美国公共卫生署建议美国流感并发症高危人群接种流感疫苗

1968 年

一种新型 H3N2 流感毒株又一次引发流感疫情。这场流感疫情在美国造成约 10 万人死亡,全球死亡人数约为 100 万。研究人员针对导致疫情的特定流感毒株开发流感疫苗。

1970 年代

在迪克斯堡,由于 H1N1 流感毒株引起流感疫情暴发,政府制定了旨在预防流感疫情的流感疫苗接种计划。

1997 年

由 H5N1 流感毒株引起的禽流感引起人类感染。这促使美国及世界各地制定流感疫情应对计划。

2002 年

美国免疫实施咨询委员会(ACIP)建议 6 至 23 月龄的儿童每年接种流感疫苗。

2007 年

美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准了针对 H5N1 流感毒株引起的甲型禽流感的流感疫苗。

2008 年

ACIP 建议 6 月龄至 18 岁的人群每年接种流感疫苗。

2009 年

一种新型 H1N1 流感毒株引发了流感疫情。2009 年,流感导致约 6100 万人感染,274 万人住院,1.24 万人死亡。2009 年后期,H1N1 流感疫苗问世。

在 H1N1 流感疫情期间,妙佑医疗国际的工作人员接受了感染控制与预防的培训。灾难应急小组定期召开会议,与临床部门讨论流感应对计划。妙佑医疗国际提出了 H1N1 预防措施建议,并针对 H1N1 如何在员工和社区中传播进行了宣教。

2010 年

ACIP 建议所有 6 月龄及以上人群每年接种流感疫苗。Gregory Poland(医学博士、妙佑医疗国际疫苗研究小组负责人)提出并制定了这项建议。2016 年,Poland 医生还建议所有医疗服务提供者都应接种流感疫苗。

2019-2020 年

流感疫苗每年预防约 750 万次感染,370 万次医生就诊,10.5 万次住院治疗和 6300 次死亡。

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