我是终末期肾衰竭患者，但没有进行透析。我遵照特殊的肾病饮食，是素食者。对于我这种还必须限制磷和钾摄入的患者，有哪些优质蛋白质来源？
回答 Rachael Majorowicz, RDN, LD and Becky Schaffer, M.S., RDN, LD
这取决于您是哪种类型的素食者。还取决于您的肾脏功能水平以及您对蛋白质、磷和钾摄入的限制程度。
适当的肾病饮食是任何慢性肾病治疗计划的基本组成部分。尽管肾病饮食限制蛋白质，但您仍必须每天摄入一些优质蛋白质。
身为素食者并不意味着拒绝优质蛋白质。优质植物蛋白质来源很多。不过，素食肾病饮食必须采用注册营养师针对患者需求定制的膳食计划，因为素食蛋白质来源也包含不同含量的钾和磷。您的营养师可帮助您选择正确的食物及摄入量。
肾脏负责防止过多钾和磷在血液中积聚。因此，保持饮食中钾和磷含量适当至关重要，有助于避免肾功能不堪重荷，无法维持健康水平。
以下是一些基本信息：
- 蛋白质。以下图表为素食者的优质蛋白质示例，具体请遵照营养师的建议。
- 磷。如果您担心磷的摄入量过高，最好避免无机磷酸盐含量高的食物，如高度加工食品。在日常饮食中，乳制品是磷的主要来源。乳制品可由非强化米或大豆替代。现在有很多不含奶的植物性奶和酸奶，但大多有含磷添加剂。请仔细阅读成分表。
- 钾。如果您需要限制钾摄入量，请注意，大多数钾来源于乳制品、水果和蔬菜。您可以通过限制乳制品摄入量和选择钾含量较低的水果和蔬菜来控制钾水平。经常食用坚果、种子、扁豆和豆类也可能升高钾水平。浸泡和烹调的豆类罐头及干制豆类的钾含量显著降低。很多低盐食品还含有氯化钾，请仔细阅读标签。
- 钠。如果您需要限制钠的摄入量，应在烹调和用餐时减少盐的用量。请务必查看食品标签。很多即食类食品、豆类罐头、素肉和含豆类和大米的奶酪钠含量很高。
您的饮食计划还应包括针对其他食物种类（例如谷类、脂肪和甜食）的指导方针。注册营养师制定的饮食计划将帮助您满足对热量和其他重要营养素的需求。
| 素食饮食类型 |
蛋白质来源 |
| 纯素食者 - 只允许植物性食物 |
- 大豆蛋白（豆腐、丹贝）
- 小麦蛋白（素肉）和全谷物
- 坚果黄油
- 豆浆或酸奶
- 不加盐的罐装或烹调干制豆类和豌豆
- 无盐坚果
|
| 奶素食者 - 允许食用植物性食物、牛奶、乳制品 |
上述食物外加：
|
| 蛋奶素食者 - 允许吃植物性食物、牛奶、乳制品、蛋类 |
上述食物外加：
|
With
Rachael Majorowicz, R.D.N., L.D.
显示参考文献
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Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/expert-answers/renal-diet/faq-20058205