过敏和哮喘：妙佑医疗国际的专家解释了二者的关系，以及您能做些什么来预防发病和管理症状。
来自妙佑医疗国际员工您可能想知道过敏和哮喘除了使您痛苦之外还有什么共同点。事实证明它们有很多共同点。过敏和哮喘经常同时发生。
诱发花粉症（过敏性鼻炎）症状的物质（如花粉、尘螨和宠物皮屑）也可能会引起哮喘体征和症状。在某些患者中，皮肤或食物过敏也可能引起哮喘症状。这被称为过敏性哮喘或过敏诱发的哮喘。
妙佑医疗国际的过敏症专家，医学博士、哲学博士 James T C Li 回答了有关过敏与哮喘之间联系的问题。
An allergic response happens when immune system proteins called antibodies mistakenly identify a harmless substance, such as tree pollen, as an invader. To protect your body from the substance, antibodies bind to the allergen.
The immune system releases chemicals that lead to allergy symptoms. Common symptoms are nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms.
Most treatments are designed to treat either asthma or hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis. But a few treatments help with both conditions. Some examples:
- Leukotriene modifier. This type of medicine can ease both allergic rhinitis and asthma symptoms. Called a leukotriene modifier, this daily pill helps control immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction. Montelukast (Singulair) is the leukotriene modifier that can treat both asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Allergy shots, also called immunotherapy. Allergy shots can help treat asthma. They gradually reduce your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. This treatment involves getting regular shots. The shots have a tiny amount of the allergens that trigger your symptoms.
Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms also decrease.
Anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) therapy. When you have an allergy, your immune system mistakenly identifies a specific substance as something harmful. Then your body releases antibodies, called IgE, against the culprit allergen.
The next time you come across that allergen, the IgE antibodies sense it. They signal your immune system to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream.
A type of medicine called a biologic can help. It affects the action of IgE in the body and helps prevent the allergic reaction that triggers asthma symptoms. Omalizumab (Xolair) is a biologic used to treat allergic asthma. This treatment is used for more severe allergic asthma, but it also might help allergic rhinitis.
You may need other medicines to treat allergies or asthma, especially if your symptoms become worse at times. But recognizing and avoiding the substances that trigger your symptoms is an important step you can take.
过敏家族史是过敏性哮喘的主要风险因素。自身患有花粉症或其他过敏症也会增加患哮喘的风险。
尽管过敏性哮喘非常普遍，但还有具有不同触发元素的其他类型哮喘。对于某些人来说，运动、感染、冷空气、胃食管反流病或压力都可能触发哮喘。对很多患者来说，引发哮喘的原因不只一种。
清楚过敏和哮喘症状的诱因并了解如何限制接触诱因。与医生合作，找到控制症状的最佳治疗方法，并且定期找医生检查。
过敏和哮喘症状会随时间变化，那么治疗可能需要作出相应调整。了解哮喘突然复发的体征并知道复发时要做什么。
显示参考文献
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- Burks AW, et al. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 27, 2021.
- Asthma 101. American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. https://acaai.org/asthma/asthma-101. Accessed Jan. 27, 2021.
- Wenzel S. Treatment of severe asthma in adolescents and adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 27, 2021.
- 2020 Focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: A report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003.
- Zuberi FF, et al. Role of montelukast in asthma and allergic rhinitis patients. Asthma symptoms. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020; doi:10.12669/pjms.36.7.2657.
- Li JTC (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 8, 2021.
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/diseases-conditions/asthma/in-depth/allergies-and-asthma/art-20047458