Hypothermia happens when the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat and the body temperature falls below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). Left untreated, it can be life-threatening.
Hypothermia is often caused by exposure to cold weather or immersion in cold water. Ongoing exposure to cool indoor temperatures also can cause hypothermia, especially in older adults and babies. Being exhausted or dehydrated increases the risk of hypothermia.
If you suspect someone has hypothermia, call 911 or your local emergency number.
Symptoms of hypothermia usually develop slowly and may include:
- Shivering, though this may stop as body temperature drops.
- Slurred speech or mumbling.
- Slow, shallow breathing.
- Weak pulse.
- Clumsiness or lack of coordination.
- Drowsiness or very low energy.
- Confusion or memory loss.
- Loss of consciousness.
- In infants, bright red, cold skin.
To help someone with hypothermia, take these steps immediately:
- Gently move the person out of the cold. If going indoors isn't possible, protect the person from the wind, especially around the neck and head. Insulate the individual from the cold ground, such as by laying a blanket underneath the person.
- Gently remove wet clothing. Replace wet things with warm, dry coats or blankets.
- If further warming is needed, do so gradually and focus on the center of the body. For example, apply warm, dry compresses to the neck, chest and groin. The CDC says that another option is using an electric blanket, if available. If a hot water bottle or chemical hot pack is used, first wrap it in a towel before applying.
- Offer the person warm, sweet, nonalcoholic drinks.
- Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as breathing, coughing or movement.
- Do not rewarm the person too quickly, such as with a heating lamp or hot bath.
- Don't attempt to warm the arms and legs. Heating or massaging the limbs can stress the heart and lungs.
- Don't give the person alcohol or cigarettes. Alcohol hinders the rewarming process, and tobacco products interfere with circulation that is needed for rewarming.
Show References
- Hypothermia. The Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries_poisoning/cold_injury/hypothermia.html. Accessed Feb. 10, 2024.
- Hypothermia. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/winter/staysafe/hypothermia.html. Accessed Feb. 10, 2024.
- Madden CC, et al. Exercise in the cold and cold injuries. In: Netter's Sports Medicine. 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Feb. 10, 2024.
- Zafren K, et al., eds. Accidental hypothermia. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Feb. 10, 2024.
- Cold weather safety for older adults. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/cold-weather-safety-older-adults. Accessed Feb. 25, 2024.
- Zafren K, et al. Accidental hypothermia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Feb. 25, 2024.
- Stay safe during and after a winter storm. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/winter/duringstorm/indoorsafety.html. Accessed Feb. 10, 2024
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-hypothermia/basics/ART-20056624