Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has vesicoureteral reflux. A urine test can reveal whether your child has a UTI. Other tests may be needed, including:

  • Kidney and bladder ultrasound. This imaging test uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the kidney and bladder. Ultrasound can find out if parts of either organ don't look regular. This same test often is used during pregnancy to track a baby's development. It also may reveal swollen kidneys in the baby. That can be a symptom of primary vesicoureteral reflux.
  • Specialized X-ray of the urinary system. This test is called a voiding cystourethrogram, or VCUG. It uses X-rays of the bladder when it's full and when it's emptying to spot clues to health issues. During the test, your child lies back on an X-ray table. A healthcare professional places a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through the urethra and into the bladder. Contrast dye is injected into the bladder through the catheter. Then the bladder is X-rayed.

    Next, the catheter is removed so that your child can urinate. More X-rays are taken of the bladder and urethra during urination. This lets the healthcare professional see whether the urinary tract is working correctly. The test likely won't be painful. But the healthcare professional may give your child calming medicine called a sedative first. Risks of this test include discomfort from the catheter or from having a full bladder. The test may raise the risk of a new urinary tract infection. It also may expose your child to a small amount of radiation.

  • Nuclear scan. This test uses a tracer called a radioisotope. The scanner detects the tracer and shows whether the urinary tract is working correctly. Risks include discomfort from the catheter and discomfort during urination. The test involves less exposure to radiation than does a VCUG.

Try to get tested at a center that has lots of experience using catheters. If your baby or young child needs a VCUG, choose a center that knows how to minimize radiation exposure.

Grading the condition

After the tests, healthcare professionals grade the degree of reflux. With the mildest reflux, urine backs up only to the ureter. This is called grade 1. The most serious reflux involves kidney swelling, called hydronephrosis, and twisting of the ureter. This is known as grade 5.

Treatment

Treatment options for vesicoureteral reflux depend on how serious the condition is. Children with mild primary vesicoureteral reflux may outgrow it in time. In this situation, your child's healthcare professional may recommend a wait-and-see approach.

For more-serious vesicoureteral reflux, treatment options include medications or surgery.

Medications

UTIs need to be treated quickly with antibiotics. These medicines help keep the germs that cause the infection from moving to the kidneys. To prevent UTIs, healthcare professionals also may prescribe antibiotics at a lower dose than for treating an infection.

A child being treated with medicine needs to be watched for as long as it takes to finish the medicine. This includes getting regular physical exams and urine tests to detect UTIs that happen despite the antibiotic treatment. These are known as breakthrough infections. Your child also may get occasional scans of the bladder and kidneys to check if your child has outgrown vesicoureteral reflux.

Surgery

Surgery may be needed if vesicoureteral reflux doesn't get better with medicine. For instance, it may be a treatment option if your child keeps getting UTIs with fever. Surgery can fix the leaky valve between the bladder and each affected ureter. A valve condition keeps the valve from closing and preventing urine from flowing backward.

There are various ways of doing surgery. Each method usually involves the use of medicine called general anesthetic. This medicine puts your child in a sleeplike state and prevents pain during surgery. Methods of doing surgery include the following:

  • Open surgery. This is the most common type of surgery to repair the valve between an affected ureter and the bladder. The surgeon repairs the valve through a cut, also called an incision, in the lower stomach area. Afterward, your child likely will need to recover in the hospital for a few days. During this time, a catheter is kept in place to drain your child's bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux may continue in a small number of children who get surgery. But the reflux often gets better without need for more treatment.
  • Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. This surgery also involves repairing the valve between the ureter and the bladder. But it's done using small incisions. The surgeon uses a computer to control robotic arms equipped with a camera and surgical tools. These arms let the surgeon operate with precise movements. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery may irritate the bladder less than open surgery. And the incision scars may be less visible once they heal.

    But robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery may not have as high of a success rate as open surgery does. It also is linked with a higher rate of complications, such as urine leakage, than is open surgery.

  • Endoscopic surgery. In this surgery, the doctor inserts a lighted tube called a cystoscope through the urethra. This lets the surgeon see inside the bladder. Then the surgeon injects a special gel around the opening of the affected ureter. The gel forms a bulge that can help strengthen the valve's ability to close properly.

    This method doesn't involve incisions in the skin. So you may hear it called minimally invasive surgery. Endoscopic surgery carries fewer risks than does open surgery. And children who get endoscopic surgery often can go home the same day. This is known as outpatient surgery. But endoscopic surgery may not be as effective as open surgery.

Rarely, some children with serious vesicoureteral reflux need surgery to remove part or all of an affected kidney. This surgery is called nephrectomy. For instance, nephrectomy might be done if a kidney is badly infected and working poorly.

Treatment of vesicoureteral reflux at Mayo Clinic is unique in its individualized approach to medical care. Not all reflux is the same. Mayo Clinic's pediatric urologists emphasize a thorough medical history and exam to fit each child and family.

Bowel and bladder conditions can have a significant impact in some children with recurring urinary tract infections with or without reflux. That's why Mayo Clinic has a state-of-the-art pelvic floor rehabilitation and biofeedback program to help cure these conditions.

When surgery is needed, your Mayo Clinic care team implements a surgical plan designed to give the best results with the least invasive method. Mayo Clinic doctors are innovators of the hidden incision endoscopic surgery (HIdES) procedure. The incisions used for this surgery aren't visible when the child wears a bathing suit.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Lifestyle and home remedies can help ease symptoms of urinary tract infections. These infections are common with vesicoureteral reflux, and they can be painful. But you can take the following steps to ease your child's discomfort until antibiotics clear the infection:

  • Encourage your child to drink fluids, especially water. Drinking water dilutes urine and may help flush out germs.
  • Provide a heating pad or a warm blanket or towel. Warmth can help ease feelings of pressure or pain. If you don't have a heating pad, warm a towel or blanket in the dryer for a few minutes. Be sure the towel or blanket is just warm, not hot. Then place it over your child's stomach area.

If bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) plays a part in your child's vesicoureteral reflux, encourage healthy toileting habits. Have your child use the bathroom regularly. For instance, it can help to empty the bladder every 2 to 3 hours while awake. Also, try to prevent constipation. Have your child drink plenty of water and eat a diet that's high in fiber. If your child becomes constipated, talk with your child's healthcare professional about treatment choices. Medicine called a laxative may be an option. A laxative can soften stool or get the bowels moving.

Preparing for your appointment

Healthcare professionals usually spot vesicoureteral reflux as part of follow-up testing when an infant or young child has a urinary tract infection. Call your child's healthcare professional if your child has symptoms such as a long-lasting fever or pain or burning during urination.

Your child may be referred to a doctor called a urologist who finds and treats urinary tract conditions. Or your child may be referred to a doctor called a nephrologist who finds and treats kidney conditions.

Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your child's healthcare professional.

What you can do

Before your appointment, take time to write down key information, including:

  • Symptoms your child has been having, and for how long.
  • Information about your child's medical history, including other recent health problems.
  • Details about your family's medical history, including whether any of your child's first-degree relatives — such as parents or siblings — have had vesicoureteral reflux.
  • All medicines, vitamins or other supplements your child takes, including the doses.
  • Questions to ask your child's healthcare professional.

For vesicoureteral reflux, some basic questions to ask your child's healthcare professional include:

  • What's the most likely cause of my child's symptoms? Are there other possible causes, such as a bladder or kidney infection?
  • What kinds of tests does my child need?
  • How likely is it that my child's condition will get better without treatment? Or, if you recommend a certain treatment, what are its benefits and risks?
  • Is my child at risk of complications from this condition? If so, how will you watch my child's health over time?
  • What steps can I take to lower my child's risk of urinary tract infections?
  • Are my other children at increased risk of vesicoureteral reflux?
  • Do you recommend that my child see a specialist?

Feel free to ask other questions that occur to you during your child's appointment. The best treatment option for vesicoureteral reflux often isn't clear-cut. To choose a treatment that seems right to you and your child, it's important that you understand your child's condition. And be sure to ask the healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of each available treatment.

What to expect from your doctor

Your child's healthcare professional gives your child a physical exam. The healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions such as:

  • When did you first notice your child's symptoms?
  • Do these symptoms happen all the time or do they come and go?
  • How bad are your child's symptoms?
  • Does anything seem to improve these symptoms? What, if anything, appears to make the symptoms worse?
  • Does anyone in your family have a history of vesicoureteral reflux?
  • Has your child had any growth problems?
  • What types of antibiotics has your child received for other infections, such as ear infections?

Be ready to answer these questions. It may give you extra time to talk about any points you want to spend more time on.

Feb. 05, 2025
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  14. Gargollo PC. Hidden incision endoscopic surgery: Description of technique, parental satisfaction and applications. The Journal of Urology. 2011; doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.054.
  15. Gargollo PC (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Nov. July 26, 2024.
  16. Nimmagadda R. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. June 19, 2024.

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