Print Overview Varicocele Enlarge image Close Varicocele Varicocele A varicocele is enlargement of the veins that transport oxygen-depleted blood away from the testicle. A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds the testicles (scrotum). These veins transport oxygen-depleted blood from the testicles. A varicocele occurs when blood pools in the veins rather than circulating efficiently out of the scrotum. Varicoceles usually form during puberty and develop over time. They may cause some discomfort or pain, but they often result in no symptoms or complications. A varicocele may cause poor development of a testicle, low sperm production or other problems that may lead to infertility. Surgery to treat varicocele may be recommended to address these complications.Products & ServicesA Book: Man Overboard!A Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to Fertility and ConceptionShow more products from Mayo Clinic SymptomsA varicocele usually occurs on the left side of the scrotum and often produces no signs or symptoms. Possible signs and symptoms may include: Pain. A dull, aching pain or discomfort is more likely when standing or late in the day. Lying down often relieves pain. A mass in the scrotum. If a varicocele is large enough, a mass like a "bag of worms" may be visible above the testicle. A smaller varicocele may be too small to see but noticeable by touch. Differently sized testicles. The affected testicle may be noticeably smaller than the other testicle. Infertility. A varicocele may lead to difficulty fathering a child, but not all varicoceles cause infertility. When to see a doctorAnnual wellness visits for boys are important for monitoring the development and health of testicles. It's important to schedule and keep these appointments. A number of conditions could contribute to pain, swelling or a mass in the scrotum. If you experience any of these, see your health care provider to get a timely and accurate diagnosis. Request an appointment There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit the form. From Mayo Clinic to your inbox Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview. Email Address 1 ErrorEmail field is required ErrorInclude a valid email address Learn more about Mayo Clinic’s use of data. 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Sorry something went wrong with your subscription Please, try again in a couple of minutes Retry Causes Male reproductive system Enlarge image Close Male reproductive system Male reproductive system The male reproductive system makes, stores and moves sperm. Testicles produce sperm. Fluid from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland mixes with sperm to make semen. The penis ejaculates semen during sexual activity. The testicles receive oxygen-rich blood from two testicular arteries — one artery for each side of the scrotum. Similarly, there are also two testicular veins that transport oxygen-depleted blood back toward the heart. Within each side of the scrotum, a network of small veins (pampiniform plexus) transport the oxygen-depleted blood from the testicle to the main testicular vein. A varicocele is the enlargement of the pampiniform plexus. The exact cause of a varicocele is unknown. One contributing factor may be the malfunction of valves inside the veins that are intended to keep blood moving in the right direction. Also, the left testicular vein follows a slightly different path than the right vein — a path that makes a problem with blood flow more likely on the left. When the oxygen-depleted blood gets backed up in the network of veins, they widen (dilate), creating the varicocele. Risk factorsThere don't appear to be any significant risk factors for developing a varicocele. ComplicationsHaving a varicocele can make it difficult for your body to regulate the temperature of the testicles. Oxidative stress and the buildup of toxins can result. These factors may contribute to the following complications: Poor testicular health. For boys going through puberty, a varicocele may inhibit testicle growth, hormone production, and other factors related to the health and function of the testicle. For men, a varicocele may result in gradual shrinkage due to tissue loss. Infertility. A varicocele doesn't necessarily cause infertility. An estimated 10% to 20% of men diagnosed with a varicocele experience difficulty fathering a child. Among men with fertility problems, about 40% have a varicocele. By Mayo Clinic Staff Varicocele care at Mayo Clinic Request an appointment Diagnosis & treatment Oct. 25, 2024 Print Show references Ferri FF. Varicocele. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 16, 2021. Varicoceles. Urology Care Foundation. https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/v/varicoceles. Accessed Nov. 16, 2021. AskMayoExpert. Varicocele. Mayo Clinic; 2021. Eyre RC. Nonacute scrotal conditions in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 16, 2021. Zundel S, et al. Management of adolescent varicocele. Seminars in Pediatriac Surgery. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151084. Brenner JS. Causes of painless scrotal swelling in children and adolescents. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 16, 2021. Partin AW, et al., eds. Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 16, 2021. Varicocele embolization. Radiological Society of North America. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/varicocele. Accessed Nov. 30, 2021. Jensen NA. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Nov. 1, 2021. Sevann H (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Dec. 12, 2021. Related Varicocele Associated Procedures Ultrasound News from Mayo Clinic Enlarged veins can cause pain, infertility Dec. 29, 2022, 04:15 p.m. CDT Products & Services A Book: Man Overboard! A Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to Fertility and Conception Show more products and services from Mayo Clinic VaricoceleSymptoms&causesDiagnosis&treatmentDoctors&departmentsCare atMayoClinic Advertisement Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. 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There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit the form. From Mayo Clinic to your inbox Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview. Email Address 1 ErrorEmail field is required ErrorInclude a valid email address Learn more about Mayo Clinic’s use of data. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. Subscribe! Thank you for subscribing! You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Sorry something went wrong with your subscription Please, try again in a couple of minutes Retry